Category: Statistics

Answer the questions on Percentile/quartile/ standard deviation/mean/median/mode/outlier on the worksheet that i attached on additional file. Show calculation for your work

I need help calculating statistical analysis for a psychology undergrad research paper. I need help with the analysis of 3 hypothesis with given data and survey items. The variables measured are the variables of 1)2 personality traits, 2)workaholism and 3) general sociodemographics. Scales used are BWAS(workaholism) and mini IPIP(Neuroticism and Concienciousness) all of which use liker scales.I would like the writer to apply the appropriate statistical methods such as ANOVA, T tests,Regression and correlation in order to examine my hypothesis, as well as do general descriiptives and provide me with a) an output of the results on SPSS b)the calculation methods used and why and c) given a very brief explanation of the results so I can understand them better. I would like the writer to only use the SPSS statistical software. Further information and files can be given to the writer if needed

The essay will cover the history of statistics.   The essay must include:
1)  The body must be a minimum of 100 words.
2)  Images or diagrams to explain any concepts.
3)  Works cited (minimum of two.)
The essay should include how statistics began being used by society and how it changed over the centuries. It should all all lead to how statistics is now used today 
Below is an example of how i would like my essay and what it should include since it such a broad topic:
History of Statistics and its Significance
Statistics is a relatively new subject, which branched from Probability Theory and is widely used in areas such as Economics and Astrology. It is a logic and methodology to measure uncertainty and it is used to do inferences on these uncertainties (Stigler, 1986). The history of Statistics can be firstly traced back to the 1600’s. John Graunt (1620-1674) could be considered as the pioneer of statistics and as the author of the first book regarding statistics. He published Natural and Political observations on the Bills of Mortality in 1662 whereby he was studying the plague outbreak in London at the time requested by the King. Graunt was asked to come up with a system that would allow them to detect threats of further outbreaks, by keeping records of mortality and causes of death and making an estimation of the population. By forming the life table, Graunt discovered that ‘statistically’, the ratio of male to females are almost equal. Then in 1666, he collected data and started to examine life expectancies. All of this was fundamental as he was arguably the first to create a condensed life table from large data and was able to do some analysis on it. In addition, this is widely used in life insurance today, showing the importance and significance of Graunt’s work (Verduin, 2009). Another reason why this is significant is because of his ability in demonstrating the value of data collection (Stigler, 1986). Then in 1693, Edmond Halley extended Graunt’s ideas and formed the first mortality table that statistically made the relationship between age and death rates. Again, this is used in life insurance (Verduin, 2009).
Another contributor to the formation of statistics is Abraham De Moivre (1667-1823). He was the first person to identify the properties of the normal curve and in 1711, introduced the notion of statistical independence (Verduin, 2009). In 1724, De Moivre studied mortality statistics and laid down foundations of the theory of annuities, inspired by the work of Halley. This is significant as annuities are widely used in the Finance industry today, in particular, when forming actuarial tables in life insurance. De Moivre then went on to talk about the idea of the normal distribution which can be used to approximate the binomial distribution (O’Connor and Robertson, 2004).
William Playfair (1759-1823) was the person who invented statistical graphics, which included the line graph and the bar graph chart in 1786 and the pie chart in 1801. He believed that charts were a better way to represent data and he was “driven to this invention by a lack of data”. This was a milestone as these graphical representations are used everywhere today, the most notable being the time-series graph, which is a graph containing many data points measured at successive uniform intervals over a period of time. These graphs can be used to examine data such as shares, and could be used to predict future data (Robyn 1978).
Adolphe Quetlet (1796-1874) was the first person to apply probability and statistics to Social Sciences in 1835. He was interested in studying about human characteristics and suggested that the law of errors, which are commonly used in Astronomy, could be applied when studying people and through this, assumptions or predictions could be in regards to physical features and intellectual features of a person. Through Quetlet’s studies, he discovered that the distribution of certain characteristics when he made a diagram of it was in a shape of a bell curve. This was a significant discovery as Quetlet later went on to form properties of the normal distribution curve, which is a vital concept in Statistics today. Using this concept of “average man”, Quetlet used this to examine other social issues such as crime rates and marriage rates. He is also well known for the coming up with a formula called the Quetlet Index, or more commonly known as Body Mass Index, which is an indication or measure for obesity. This is still used today and you could find out your BMI by calculating. If you get an index of more than 30, it means the person is officially obese (O’Connor and Robertson, 2006).
Other members who made little but significance contributions to Statistics are Carl Gauss and Florence Nightingale. Gauss was the first person who played around with the least squares estimation method when he was interested in astronomy and attempted to predict the position of a planet. He later proved this method by assuming the errors are normally distributed. The method of least squares is widely used today, in Astronomy for example, in order to minimise the error and improve the accuracy of results or calculations (O’Connor and Robertson, 1996). It was also the most commonly used method before 1827 when trying to combine inconsistent equations (Stigler, 1986). Nightingale was inspired by Quetlet’s work on statistical graphics and produced a chart detailing the deaths of soldiers where she worked. She later went on to analyse that state and care of medical facilities in India. This was significant as Nightingale applied statistics to health problems and this led to the improvement of medical healthcare. Her important works were recognised as became the first female to be a member of the Royal Statistical Society (Cohen, 1984).
One of the greatest contributors was Francis Galton (1822-1911) who helped create a statistical revolution which laid foundations for future statisticians like Karl Pearson and Charles Spearman (Stigler, 1986). He was related to Charles Darwin and had many interests, such as Eugenics and Anthropology. He came up with a number of vital concepts, including the regression, standard deviation and correlation, which came about when Galton was studying sweet peas. He discovered that the successive sweet peas were of different sizes but regressed towards the mean size and the distribution of their parents (Gavan Tredoux, 2007). He later went on to work with the idea of correlation when he was studying the heights of parents and the parent’s children when they reach adulthood, where he made a diagram of his findings and found an obvious correlation between the two. He then performed a few other experiments and came to the conclusion that the index of the correlation was an indication to the degree in which the two variables were related to one another. His studies were significant as they are all fundamental in Statistics today and these methods are used in many areas for data analysis, especially with extracting meaningful information between different factors (O’Connor and Robertson, 2003).
The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900
Stephen M Stigelr
Publisher: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, March 1, 1990
p1, 4, 40, 266
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/verduin/stathist/stathist.htm
A short History of Probability and Statistics
Kees Verduin
Last Updated: March 2009
Last Accessed: 02/04/2010
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Moivre.html
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Article by: J J O’Connor and E F Robertson
Copyright June 2004
Last Accessed: 05/04/2010
The American Statistician Volume: 32, No: 1
Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history
James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn
p1-11
http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Quetelet.html
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Article by: J J O’Connor and E F Robertson
Copyright August 2006
Last Accessed: 06/04/2010
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss.html
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Article by: J J O’Connor and E F Robertson
Copyright December 1996
Last Accessed: 06/04/2010
Scientific American 250
Florence Nightingale
I. Bernard Cohen
March 1984, p128-37/p98-107depending on country of sale
http://galton.org/
Francis Galton
Edited and Maintained by: Gavan Tredoux
Last Updated: 12/11/07 (according to the update in ‘News’ section)
Last Accessed: 07/04/2010
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Galton.html
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Article by: J J O’Connor and E F Robertson
Copyright October 2003
Last Accessed: 07/04/2010

Presentation Guidelines
Select a criminal-justice related topic that interests you. This
topic can be the same topic as the one you used for your research
proposal in your CRJ 715 class. 
Browse through the variables in the datasets we used throughout
the semester (or the supplementary resource listed in the DATASETS link
in the main menu) and determine which of these variables you can use to
propose a research question (and subsequent research hypothesis) related
to your selected topic. 
NOTE: If, during
your CRJ 715 class you have identified a data source (available in SPSS
format), you are free to use it. However, you must share the database
with me and receive permission before you can use it. 
Read and summarize 3 (three) empirical studies
that relate to your topic (if you choose to use your research proposal
for ICJ715, you can use the same literature you used in your proposal). 
Study the levels of measurements of the variables you have
selected from the dataset(s) in order to determine which statistical
test covered in this class will be most appropriate to use to test your
proposed hypothesis.
Run the test in SPSS and save the outputs (or recreate these outputs in Excel or Word)
Put together a short PowerPoint presentation to discuss your proposed research and study findings. 
Your presentation should not be longer than 5 minutes. 
Presentation Outline
INTRODUCTION (1-2 slides)
State the thesis of your presentation (what social phenomenon you are studying)
Briefly Discuss the literature you have read in preparation for your presentation, and drawing from that
State your hypothesis and the null hypothesis
ANALYSIS (2 slides)
Discuss your variables in the hypothesis (independent, dependent, and their levels of measurement)
Discuss your analytical strategy (i.e. what statistical test you are using and why)
Discuss the results (output from SPSS) of your study
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (1 slide)
Discuss what you have concluded based on the results found (i.e.
whether you will reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis) and what
this tells you about the social phenomenon you have examined. 
Discuss the policy implications based on the findings of your research
For this assignment use this file. 

Instructions
1.     
Title
your paper: “Review of [Name of Article]”
2.     
State
the Author:
3.     
Summarize
the article in one paragraph:
4.     
Post
a screenshot of the article’s frequency table and/or graph. 
5.     
Example Frequency Distribution -OR-
Graph
a
Answer the following questions about your table or
graph.  
·      
What
type of data does the graph, chart, or table from your screenshot above display
(Quantitative or Qualitative data)?
·      
Explain
how you came to that conclusion.
·      
What
type of graph, table, or chart did you choose from your screenshot above
display (bar graph, histogram, stem & leaf plot, etc.)?
·      
What
characteristics make it this type (you should bring in material that you
learned in the course)?
·      
Describe
the data displayed in your graph, table, or chart from your screenshot above.
What is the graph displaying in the context of the article?   
·      
Draw
a conclusion about the data from the graph, table, or chart from your
screenshot above in the context of the article. 
Make an inference based on the data displayed. 
·      
How
else might this data have been displayed?
·      
Pick
two alternate graphs/charts/tables that could be used to display the same data
as your selected chart/graph/table from your screenshot above. List the pros
and cons of these alternative graphs.  
·      
Explain
how the graphs/charts/tables that you selected above (Part E) would be
structured to display the data in the article.
·      
Give
the full APA reference of the article you are using for this lab.
Instructions:
•           Length:2
pages (not including title page, references page, or image of artwork)
•           1-inch
margins
•           Double
spaced
•           12-point
Times New Roman font
•           Title
page
•           APA
format for in-text citations and list of references
Use: OpenStax Textbook: Chapter 2
Introductory Business Statistics.
Authors: Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean Publisher: OpenStax,
Publication Date: 2017-11-30

Dear Students, As discussed in class you are required to apply parametric or non-parametric tests (whichever test is applicable). – Use the data set chosen.
– Develop a hypothesis. – Apply parametric or nonparametric tests – Further ,you should justify the selection of the test (state applicability and why it is only used). – Apply the test and present the results with an explanation. – Provide conclusions. A properly formatted assignment is required to be uploaded on or before due date. NOTE: Use the standard cover page format. Provide the data and the analysis with properly formatted tables/figures. A reflection of professionalism is expected. Best Wishes
Dr. Jagroop Singh

(Now for the fun one…) If you won an all expense paid trip, where would you go, what would you do there, and with whom would you go?
Design one survey question that your fellow classmates in this class could comfortably answer online. Your question could even require that your classmates calculate something from their lives from observation (e.g. counting the shoes in their closet) or that they have to do something (e.g. an experiment such as how many situps can you complete or how long does it take a cup of water to boil). For our purposes later this semester, design the question so that the responses are numerical (not yes/no type questions). Here are some examples: How many doors are in your residence? What is your height in inches?How many pets do you have in your household? How many years have you been working at your current job? Do not use the above questions. Try to select interesting survey questions as we will be working with these questions throughout the course. ) Do not use a survey question that somebody else in the class has already posted.
After the question, include what you think the average (mean) of the responses of your classmates will be.  Give an exact value like 4 or 10.5, but do not give a range.  This guess will be used in a discussion later in the course. 
Now, copy the survey question that you have written for step 4 into the discussion labeled Survey Discussion.  (Your survey question should now be in two places: (1) In the response to discussion 0 and (2) Survey Discussion.)

Using the Week 2 DataSet, create the following five figures using SPSS.
1. A scatterplot with best line of fit for pre-BMI and self-esteem
2. A histogram and a line graph—create one histogram depicting the frequency of distribution for each pre-exercise level, and then
3. Create a line graph depicting the frequency of distribution for each post-exercise level
4. A comparative bar graph—create a vertically oriented bar chart, showing the distribution of BMI Group levels by the three different education groups
5. A pie chart—for pre-BMI groups, showing the percentage of each

Frequently Asked Questions
RESEARCH PAPER FOR SOCIAL STATISTICS
What should my paper include:
All papers should be 4-6 pages long not including your title page or your reference page.
How do I write my paper:
All papers should be written in 12-point and Times new roman or similar font.
What should my topic be:
Your topic is your choice. You can write about any topic that is included in the variables on SPSS program. Remember you need to choose two variables to compare when choosing your topic. For example: 
variable label: low income can’t afford more children
variable label: abortion if women want for any reason
Your problem statement: Women who are from a lower socioeconomic status have a higher rate of abortion than women from a higher socioeconomic status. 
How do I gather my findings, data, and tables:
Your findings, data and tables will all come from the SPSS PROGRAM. You will choose your variables and you will choose what procedures you will run to include in your paper. ( minimum of two tables included in paper)
Based on what we have learned in class please choose two of the following to include in your paper that is valid to your chosen variables.
1. Frequency table to include measures of central tendencies(mean, median, mode)
2. Frequency table to include measures of variability ( interquartile range, variance, standard deviation, range)
3. Confidence Interval
4. One-sample T test
5. Bivariate Cross tabulation tables
6. Chi-Square
7. Anova
How many sources should I include in my paper:
You can use as many sources as you choose. However there needs to be a minimum of two research articles to support your topic. 

Graphing and Describing Data in Everyday Life
Discussion
Initial Post Instructions
Suppose that you have two sets of data to work with. The first set is a list of all the injuries that were seen in a clinic in a month’s time. The second set contains data on the number of minutes that each patient spent in the waiting room of a doctor’s office. You can make assumptions about other information or variables that are included in each data set.
For each data set, propose your idea of how best to represent the key information. To organize your data would you choose to use a frequency table, a cumulative frequency table, or a relative frequency table? Why?
What type of graph would you use to display the organized data from each frequency distribution? What would be shown on each of the axes for each graph?
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least one peer. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification.
Consider how different distributions might affect the different graphs. How might other variables affect the graphs? How could graphs be made to be biased? If a graph were biased, how might you change it to guard against that bias?
Writing Requirements
Minimum of 2 posts (1 initial & 1 follow-up)
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:
Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
Course Outcomes
CO 3: Given scenarios supported by qualitative and quantitative data, summarize, organize, display, and interpret data through the application of graphs generated with the use of technology.
reply to this post below
Hello class and professor,
For each data set, propose your idea of how best to represent the key information. To organize your data would you choose to use a frequency table, a cumulative frequency table, or a relative frequency table? Why?
For the list of injuries seen in the clinic each day, a frequency table would be best to show the number of occurrences of each type of injury. This helps in identifying the most common injuries and their frequency over time. For the data on the number of minutes spent in the waiting room each day, a cumulative table could be useful to show the accumulation of waiting time over the course of the month. this could reveal trend in waiting times, such as peak hours or days with longer wait times. 
What type of graph would you use to display the organized data from each frequency distribution? What would be shown on each of the axes for each graph?
For the list of injuries seen in the clinic a bar graph would be suitable to display the frequency distribution. On the x-axis you would list the type of injuries and on the y-axis, you would plot you would plot the frequency or count of each injury type. For the data on the number of minutes spent in the waiting room, a histogram would be appropriate to display the frequency distribution. On the x-axis you would have bins representing ranges of waiting times and the y-axis you would plot the frequency or count of observations falling within each bin. 
references,
Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., & Wathen, S. A. (2019). Basic statistics for business & economics. McGraw-Hill.
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72.