Category: Public administration

Part one 
Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:
Good research begins with good research questions. In research, a good question is interesting, it can be answered with data and analysis, and it is developed through an iterative and collaborative process to discover the multiple perspectives from which a single problem can be viewed. As you think about the societal questions that interest you this week, respond to the following prompts:
Describe how you might use literature to build hypotheses. What types of literature sources are appropriate and reliable?
Explain how research questions can influence the outcome of a study.
Explain how research questions vary depending on the policy analysis being conducted. Through a brief review of literature, identify a study that involves policy analysis and identify the research questions used in the study. Include a citation to the study.
PART TWO Respond to Gustavo Encinas with 175 words
Good morning, everyone,
For researchers the use of literature is paramount, these are the tools used to validate our insight on a topic. This also helps with the development of research questions. An example of a source of literature is the press, which provides general information and entertainment that is current (Brown & Hale, 2014, pp. 39-63). The next source example will focus on specific issues and provide technical coverage on trades or professional opinions on specific genres. The third example includes peer-reviewed journals and university-published books, these scholarly sources provide formal or scientific breakdowns about specialized topics (Brown & Hale, 2014, pp. 39-63).
Those are some examples of reliable sources, these sources shape and influence the research being done on topics of interest. The research questions are meant to attempt to answer a question of interest that has not been clearly defined or answered. These questions are not only of interest but also testable to be able to prove (Brown & Hale, 2014, pp. 39-63). Research questions also guide the researcher to gain knowledge on what has already been established or learned from previous researchers. This allows the continual adaptation or evolution of the research questions, more than not the original research questions will change over time.
I took an interest in a study on immigration policymaking, which laid out six significant questions that surpassed geopolitics, the blue and red states, and the political perspective (Dzordzormenyoh & Boateng, 2022). The first and second questions look at geopolitics, the public attitude towards laws, the acceptance of refugees and immigrants, and the separation of families and facing the dangers of returning to their countries of origin (Dzordzormenyoh & Boateng, 2022). The third and fourth questions still looked at public opinions and geopolitics, but now introduced the study of actions that force immigrants to return home, and the desire to build walls against immigrants in the U.S. The last set of questions also considered geopolitics and public opinion. Still, it was geared towards laws that prevent immigrants from entering the country and now focused on the police and their targeted stops of undocumented immigrants with criminal backgrounds (Dzordzormenyoh & Boateng, 2022).
The research questions do depend on the policy and the research, they are meant to gather the information that might have been missed. This questioning also is meant to be flexible and change if the direction of the research changes. When researching policy, the questioning can focus on different aspects for the why, how, and the impact or opinions of stakeholders.
Brown, M., & Hale, K. (2014). Applied Research Methods in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. JosseyBass. 
https://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781118904435/epub/OPS/xhtml/Chapter02.html#page_63
Dzordzormenyoh, M. K., & Boateng, F. D. (2022). Immigration Politics and Policymaking in the USA (2017–2021): Examining the Effect of Geopolitics on Public Attitude Towards Immigration Policies. Springer Nature, 24, 1283-1303.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763793/
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PART THREE respond to Harold Caraway with 175 words
Dr. Jarrod and Classmates,
When it comes to building any type of theory you need to make sure your facts are 100% correct because you will be questioned about it down the line. What I use to make sure that my facts are backed is not only books from the library but also going on websites that are .org, .edu, or .gov because they are up to date on facts while others sites are not really up to date on what is true.
When doing the research you have to always be ready for questions to be asked because what you are trying to do is make sure that your study has an strong foundation to stand on because any type of question no matter how bad or good can take out the foundation of your theory if you cannot have a answer for it.
As for a research study I would pick the general homeless rate in america because that can vary based on if they are on the streets or if they are living in shelters.
References
www.Security.org

Iron Triangle Definition- A mutually supporting relationship among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and government agencies that share a common policy concern.
Instructions: 
Complete an Iron Triangle similar to the example below and add in your information for your topic.
You need to use a real  specific example of the following:  Political Action Committee (PAC) or Interest Group (IG), Congressional Committee and bureaucratic agency.  
1. PAC or IG
2. Congressional committee with authority over the issue.
3. Bureaucratic Agency that oversees the policy implementation of that issue.
You have to research actual names of PACs or IG’s; committees and agencies within the bureaucratic departments. Give as many details as you can. And the role of each in the policy process: Who gets what?
You may select any one of the following topics for your iron triangle:
Agricultural
Education
Health Care
Transportation
Housing
Submission Instructions:  Use MS Publisher to draw your iron triangle. Complete and submit the assignment by 11:59 CST on Day 7 
Grading rubric: You will earn one point each for using actual names of PACs or IG’s; committees and agencies within the bureaucratic departments. The other three points will be earned when describing how each actor in the policy process assists the other in the alliance.  

In an evaluation, discuss how the role and function of budgeting has been utilized to correct externalities and other market failures. Additionally, justify the use of taxpayer resources to correct externalities and other market failures.
Thread Outline: Use bolded statements as headings in your thread.
I. Summarize the role of the government in the budget process.
II. Analyze the role of the government in correcting externalities and other market failures.
III. Justify the use of taxpayer resources to correct externalities and other market failures.
Externalities are a consequence of a governmental activity that affect other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved. Externalities by nature often are environmental. Some examples of negative externalities include:
·       Air pollution
·       Water pollution
·       Farm animal production
·       Passive smoking
·       Traffic congestion
·       Noise pollution
Market failure is an inefficient allocation of resources. Government failure occurs when government intervention results in a more inefficient and wasteful allocation of resources.

Instructions: Match each case description below with the scrutiny classification. 
Submission Instructions: Complete and submit the assignment by 11:59 CST on Day 7 
Grading rubric:  One point for each correct answer. 
Strict Scrutiny
Intermediate Scrutiny
Rational Basis
a. In Lyng v. Northwest Cemetery Protective Association the Court concluded that the road and timbering were internal government affairs that only incidentally affected the free exercise of religion. It upheld the government’s action as a rational means of accomplishing a legitimate end. The Court in Lyng deferred to the government’s use of National Forest property.
b. In Craig v. Boren (1976) the Court held that the statute made unconstitutional gender classifications. The statistics relied on by the state of Oklahoma were insufficient to show a substantial relationship between the law and the maintenance of traffic safety. Generalities about the drinking habits of aggregate groups did not suffice. The Court also found that the Twenty-first Amendment did not alter the application of the Equal Protection Clause in the case.
c. In Plyer v. Doe (1982) the Court reasoned those illegal aliens and their children, though not citizens of the United States or Texas are people “in any ordinary sense of the term” and, therefore, is afforded Fourteenth Amendment protections. Since the state law severely disadvantaged the children of illegal aliens, by denying them the right to an education, and because Texas could not prove that the regulation was needed to serve a “compelling state interest,” the Court struck down the law.
d. In Romer v. Evans (1996) the Court held that Amendment 2 of the Colorado State Constitution violated the equal protection clause. Amendment 2 singled out homosexual and bisexual persons, imposing on them a broad disability by denying them the right to seek and receive specific legal protection from discrimination. In his opinion for the Court, Justice Anthony Kennedy noted that oftentimes a law will be sustained under the equal protection clause, even if it seems to disadvantage a specific group, so long as it can be shown to “advance a legitimate government interest.”
e. In Miss. Univ. for Women v. Hogan (1982) Joe Hogan, a registered nurse and qualified applicant, was denied admission to the Mississippi University for Women School of Nursing’s baccalaureate program on the basis of sex. Created by a state statute in 1884, MUW was the oldest state-supported all-female college in the United States. The Court held that the state did not provide an “exceedingly persuasive justification” for the gender-based distinction.
f. In Loving v. Virginia (1967) the Court held that distinctions drawn according to race were generally “odious to a free people.” The Virginia law, the Court found, had no legitimate purpose “independent of invidious racial discrimination.” The Court rejected the state’s argument that the statute was legitimate because it applied equally to both blacks and whites.
g. In Renton v. Playtime Theatres Inc. (1986) the Court held that the zoning ordinance did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court held that the ordinance was a form of time, place, and manner regulation, not a ban on adult theaters altogether. The Court found that the ordinance was designed to serve a substantial governmental interest in preserving the quality of life and allowed for “reasonable alternative avenues of communication.”
h. In Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) the Oklahoma’s Criminal Sterilization Act allowed the state to sterilize a person who had been convicted three or more times of crimes “amounting to felonies involving moral turpitude.” A unanimous Court held that the Act violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since some crimes such as embezzlement, punishable as felonies in Oklahoma, were excluded from the Act’s jurisdiction, Justice Douglas reasoned that the law had laid “an unequal hand on those who have committed intrinsically the same quality of offense.”

1. What are the fundamental questions of public finance?
2. How does Lindahl pricing, and direct/representative democracy, justify government action
3. Explain Public choice theory and the political processes.
You also want to relate these topics to the political economy and government failure

In at least 800 words, reply to the below prompt.  You must use at least three scholarly journals to support your response.  You must also use at least one refernce from the New International Version Bible.
Public administrators conduct research to plan, solve problems, and support their decisions. They must collect data to support these tasks and other courses of action. Unfortunately, the literature indicates that these public administrators mostly use quantitative methods. What can qualitative research offer than quantitative methods cannot offer to support these public administration tasks?

See instructions and grading rubric attached.  
Must cite 15 sources, including the required reading and other scholarly works.  All ciations must be in APA 7th Edition Format.

Find and share a current video, news article, institutional press release, or community website relevant to emergency management, our topic for the Week, or of particular interest based on something we’ve discussed in class. Share the item along with your 2-3 paragraph summary and commentary, linking it to the class content. 

Part one 
Take the Leadership Orientations Self-Assessment developed by Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal, who devised the Four-Frame Model to assess where your leadership strengths figure most prominently.
Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: 
In which frame—structural, human resources, political, symbolic—did you rate the highest? Were you surprised by this result? 
Describe an example of when you clearly exhibited an orientation to this frame. 
How can you use your strengths in this frame to persuade or negotiate change? 
How can you bolster your performance in the frame for which you rated the lowest to persuade or negotiate change? 
PART TWO Respond with 175 words (C. Oowie Whitmore)
Greeting Peers,
I received my results. Scored higher as a Structural Leader and lower in Symbolic Leader. I excelled in creating and implementing systems, processes, and strategies that ensure efficiency and effectiveness within an organization. An example of when I exhibited an orientation to this frame would be when I led a project to reorganize a department for better workflow. I identified inefficiencies, redesigned processes, and implemented new structures to improve productivity.
To persuade or negotiate change using my strengths in the structural frame, I can focus on presenting clear, logical arguments supported by data and evidence. Highlight how I can propose changes will improve efficiency, save costs, or enhance overall performance. Emphasize the concrete benefits and outcomes of my proposals to gain buy-in from stakeholders who value these aspects.
To bolster my performance in the symbolic frame, where I rated lowest, I can start by understanding the importance of symbolism and culture in driving change. Focus on building relationships and fostering a sense of shared purpose and identity among stakeholders. Communicate my vision for change in a way that resonates emotionally with others, using storytelling and symbols to inspire and motivate.
Part three respond with 175 words:(Charmayne Butler)
Hey everyone,
So, I just got the results back from the Leadership Orientations Self-Assessment by Bolman and Deal, and let me tell you, it’s pretty interesting. My highest score was in the Political frame, I got a 19 out of 24, which puts me in the 90-100th percentile. That means I’m pretty good at understanding and navigating organizational politics and dynamics. You could say I’m comfortable with conflict and advocating for my unit or organization’s objectives.
Following closely behind, I scored a 17 in the Symbolic frame, which puts me in the 70-79th percentile. This suggests I effectively inspire and motivate others through vision and symbolism. I emphasize storytelling, symbolism, and creating a sense of meaning and purpose within the organization.
My lower scores in the Structural and Human Resources frames surprised me a bit. I scored a 10 in the Structural frame and a 14 in the Human Resources frame. I’ve always valued clear structures and systems, but maybe I haven’t been emphasizing them as much. As for the Human Resources side, I guess I haven’t been focusing as much on interpersonal relationships and teamwork as I thought.

Watch the Bill and Melinda Gates’ 2014 Stanford Commencement Address, and then visit www.guidestar.org and set up a free account. This will provide you with access to the tax returns (990s) of most nonprofit organizations in the United States. Look up the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and find the 2015 Form 990, which can be found by clicking “show form 990” on the right side of the page. You will then be able to download the 2015 Form 990. This is a 390-page document, and a  list of all the organizations that this foundation has donated to in 2015 begins on page 15.  Do a cursory review of this list, and then select one of the organizations based in the United States that received funding.
Provide a brief description of this organization, its mission, and the challenge(s) it is seeking to address. Then analyze what percentage of its budget is provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Go to the organization’s website and assess the types of fundraising strategies the organization utilises to meet its revenue goals.