Category: Philosophy

Journal on Consequentialist Ethical theory
1. Explain what is Consequentialist ethical theory? Why is this also called Teleological Ethics? What is the central basis for right or wrong in this theory? (WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1dcsaWTxCU)
2. Compare Ethical egoism and Utilitarianism as consequentialist ethical theories?
3. Explain the human grounding or foundation of Ethical egoism in the perspective of Thomas Hobbes?
4. Compare Thomas Hobbes and Ayn Rand’s solution to handling the conflict of self-interest in society? Which do you think is the most useful solution in solving conflicts? (WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odHfSRC9JWo)
5. Explain Ayn Rand’s concept of rationality as a solution to resolving conflicts of interests including the individual’s obligations to himself and others? (WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBVM1_4JI3Y)
6. Explain the human grounding or foundation of utilitarian ethical theory in the perspective of Jeremy Bentham and his principle of utility?
7. Discuss the principle of utility in utilitarianism? Why is this theory “hedonistic” theory?
8. Describe the difference between ACT UTILITARIANISM and RULE UTILITARIANISM? Describe which of the kinds that can provide short term and long term solution in providing the satisfaction of interest of society? Show examples in your explanation. (WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0zrsG6slIg)
9. Show similarity and differences in Jeremy Bentham utilitarianism and John stuart Mill’s utilitarianism.
10. Explain one critique to Ethical egoism and one critique to utilitarianism.

Instructions
Learning Objectives
CO3 Identify issues pertaining to scientific culture and society
CO4 Analyze problems in metaphysics, epistemology, and science
This research paper will be the culmination of the research you proposed in week 4. Be sure you have followed the instructions below; Writing a philosophy paper and Directions for how to format your paper as an argument.
Upload it as an MS Word document. If you attach it as a PDF or any other format that is not APUS compatible it will not be graded.
Your paper should be 1500 – 2000 words (excluding the cover page and citation page)
Your paper should have at least 5 academic resources
You may use MLA or APA formatting
Use the APUS Online Library and the Philosophy Research Guide https://www.apus.edu/apus-library/online-research/research/research-guides/school-of-arts-humanities/philosophy
Please look at the following to help you write a philosophy paper.
Please look at the following to help you format your paper as an argument.
Directions for how to format your paper as an argument:
As stated above, THIS IS NOT A REPORT. The whole paper is one big argument. It begins with a thesis statement. A thesis statement is a concise assertion of your point of view (your judgment or opinion) on an issue. In other words, you are taking a stand, pro or con, and arguing from that perspective. In the case of this paper, your thesis will be to assert that the particular scientific theory you chose is the best theory. Defend that theory by giving reasons, and then backing those reasons up with supporting evidence. That means that you’ll have to do the research to discover how that particular scientist confirmed their theory. Because you agree with him/her, it is your thesis, too.
For example, your thesis statement might be; “The heliocentric theory best explains the movements of the planets in the solar system.” You would then lay out the reasons why the paradigm shift away from the old geocentric theory was appropriate and then give supporting evidence. Your research on how Copernicus discovered the heliocentric theory, and any modern-day supporting evidence, would comprise the body of your paper.

Attached is an example of what it should look like. 
•1. Choose a contemporary social, moral, or political issue. Present and explain that issue.
•2. Present one response someone has to that issue as an argument in standard form.
•3. Present an argument against on of the premises of that ^ argument, this argument also should be in standard form.
•15 minutes. Note the course policy on missed work.

Write a 1,000-1,250 word creative essay response that describes a sustainable future where we have solved the environmental issue you wrote about for your tech critique paper. This essay will build off of the Investing in FuturesLinks to an external site. game by More & MoreLinks to an external site., which you will have played a little earlier in the week . 
Your paper should:
Begin with a 1-2 paragraph introduction that reminds us of key details of your chosen environmental issue and what, specifically, you think the problem is (should build from tech critique), outlines the world that you built in your Week 5 discussion post, and states what is to follow in the paper. 
Have a well-organized body that describes (a) your own vision for what moving past the issue could look like (which includes the world you built from the cards you drew in the Investing in Futures game) and (b) the key factors in actually making that change happen. Remember, environmental problems are always connected to social and political ones so be sure to consider their interrelationships and consider conceptions of justice, as we have been doing throughout the semester. You can get as creative as you’d like to here!
At a minimum, incorporate and properly cite ONE of the Alaimo, Orekses & Conway, or Garnet Jones readings, AND include at least one other relevant course text from the semester.
Include in-text citations where appropriate in a consistent style (like APA or MLA), and include a list of references at the end. Please consult the Purdue OwlLinks to an external site. or the UNT writing lab (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. if you are unsure how to cite your sources or need additional writing support.
Be formatted in a relatively standard style (similar to the tech critique): Double-spaced; 12pt Times New Roman or other common font, saved as a .doc .docx or PDF file. 
Here are some questions to consider to help you with your paper. Feel free to explore any of them (or none if you have other ideas!):
How might the features of your sustainable future – as decided by the cards you drew in the Investing in Futures game – help in overcoming the environmental issue you discussed in your tech critique paper? Does your sustainable future contain all of the features you would like, or are there others that you would add? Are there features (i.e., cards you drew in the game) that you dislike, and if so, why? What does it feel like to imagine your sustainable future? When you picture yourself there, how does that feel? Do you think that having a vision of a sustainable future might help the situation of the environmental problem you dealt with in your tech critique paper? Does your sustainable future give you a new way of seeing the environmental problem? Does having a vision of a sustainable future give you a different feeling or understanding of the climate crisis? Do you think your sustainable future is still anthropocentric? Would you want to live in the world you created in the Investing in Futures game?
https://investing-in-futures.onrender.com/play/Original

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https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/blog/2018/10/4/us-plastic-recycling-rate-projected-to-drop-to-44-in-2018

can you fix my essay and lengthen it to be 1200 word. the first page is the prompt for the essay. and please don’t use AI when writing.

Term Paper Topics
Pick one of the following topics and write your term paper on it. Indicate which topic you have selected in your paper’s title.
Papers should be a minimum of 3 typewritten pages in MLA format using Times New Roman 12 point font, double-spaced. When you quote from your book, please make sure to use correct MLA citation formatLinks to an external site.. Remember to create a Works Cited page and list all sources you quote in the paper. If you need help with MLA formatting and citation, please check out the MLA GuideLinks to an external site. at Purdue’s Online Writing Lab.
Socrates & Plato
Topic A:
Suppose Meletus overheard the discussion in the Crito and went to Plato’s Socrates saying “In your discussion with Crito you indicated you were able to propose and defend substantive theses–you claimed to know whether escape would be just, that it is never right to return a wrong for a wrong, and you claimed to know what sort of life is worth living. In making such claims you show you do not really believe that human wisdom amounts to little. That is, you lied during the trial when you professed ignorance.  It seems to me your sentence is just!”
How would you respond to this charge? Is Plato’s Socrates inconsistent or contradictory? Can Plato’s Socrates both claim to be ignorant and to know moral truths?
Topic B:
Suppose you encountered someone who maintained:
much of what Socrates went through at the end of his life could have been easily avoided if he had only taken his own advice and lived a private life (Apology, 32a).  He would not have offended the rich and powerful, he would not have been put on trial, and he would not have had to reason with Crito about the appropriateness of escaping.
How would you reply?  Would “being private” in this sense mean giving up anything that he holds to be important?  If so, clarify what would have to be forsaken, and why you think he would not be willing to do so.
Descartes 
Topic C:
Consider the Problem of Error: if God exists, and he is not a deceiver, then why is it so often the case that he allows humans to form false beliefs? What is Descartes’ reply to the Problem of Error? Is his reply successful? You may find it worthwhile to critique Descartes’ model of how error arises in Meditation IV. Are there cases of error which can’t be covered on the model? Does the model succeed in solving the Problem of Error?
Topic D:
Descartes famously argues “I think, therefore I am” (though he doesn’t say this in Meditation II). What is Descartes’ basis for the conclusion that he exists? Is his argument compelling? What does he take himself to be? Consider one of your own objections to Descartes’ proof that he exists. How would Descartes respond, and would that response be adequate? 
Hume
Topic E:
Sometimes, Hume seems to have meant to suggest that we revise our beliefs about causal relations: instead of thinking there is a necessary connection between cause and effect we should just think in terms of constant conjunctions. In other places in the text, he seems to have held that we will inevitably believe in necessary connections between cause and effect. Explain each option, listing what you see as its most important advantages and disadvantages. Which way of thinking about causal relations do you think we should adopt?
Topic F:
How are impressions and ideas related to the psychological laws of association? What role do matters of fact and relations of ideas have in Hume’s philosophy? Show how all of these concepts work together to form a picture of the human mind. Do you think Hume’s picture is complete? Why or why not?
Hegel
Topic G:
What is the role of Reason in history, according to Hegel? How is Reason related to the development of Spirit in Hegel’s philosophy? Focus your paper by defining what Hegel means by Reason and Spirit before attempting to explain their relationship. Does this analysis of history seem plausible? Why or why not?
Topic H:
Hegel writes that with philosophic history, one considers history’s raw materials according to “thoughts, a priori.” Explain this statement and show how the rest of his Introduction to the Philosophy of History reflects Hegel’s definition. Use examples drawn from the text and be sure to cite any quotations you pull to illustrate them.
Marx
Topic I:
Describe Marx and Engels’ views on the development of capitalism found in the Communist Manifesto and compare it to this definition standard of capitalism: “Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets.” How would Marx and Engels add to the definition? Formulate a new definition based on your understanding of their work.
Topic J:
Outline the various types of socialism mentioned in the Communist Manifesto. How is socialism distinct from communism, according to Marx and Engels? How is each type of socialism related to the development of capitalism? Try to find examples of each type of socialism in current-day politics to illustrate Marx and Engels’ categories.
Sartre
Topic K:
What does Sartre mean by the claim that existence precedes essence? According to Sartre, what follows from this? That is, what does it tell us about human beings and the nature of free choices? What does this tell us about human freedom? Do you agree? Disagree? Why or why not?
Topic L:
How does Sartre establish atheistic existentialism? How are anguish and despair related to atheistic existentialism? Does Sartre succeed in explicating a “coherent atheistic position”? Why or why not?

) Explain the insights that Plato offers about the soul in his dialogues, Phaedo and Republic.
First, explain what Socrates means when he claims that philosophy is a “practice for dying and
death” in Phaedo. Why is the soul important for this claim? What are all of the important things
we learn about the soul that follows from this claim? Second, explain Plato’s tripartite notion of
the soul in Republic. What are all of the important qualities of a ‘just’ soul?

You are faced with the trolley car problem.  A runaway trolley is barreling down the track. You’re a passer-by who has notices this from afar.  Ahead of you are five people caught on the track who will surely die if you do nothing.  You see a lever to your side. You have option of pulling the lever which will divert a runaway train saving five people’s lives but will switch the car to another track where you see only one person who is caught on the track. Should you pull the lever this person will surely die.  You are not aware of the identities of any of these people.  Do you pull the lever? why or why not?
Would your argument change in the bridge version of the trolley car problem in which you are forced to push someone over a bridge to stop the car from killing five people instead of just pulling a lever? 
Finally, consider the transplant surgeon objectionLinks to an external site..  You are a transplant surgeon and a healthy patient could be used for their organs to save five human lives at the cost of their death.  Would you still spend one life to save five? If so, why? If not, why is this situation so different from the first two examples to make it less moral? 
Defend your position as either a Utilitarian or deontologist  Use a citation from either the reading assignment from Kant or Mill to defend your point.  If you knew any details about the identities of these individuals would that change your answer? Your response should be written in paragraph form with in-text MLA citations. Refrain from writing in a numbered, bullet, or outline format. No formal works cited page is needed for this entry. This assignment is worth 10 points and will be graded according to the discussion rubric. No reply is necessary for this particular discussion apart from your initial post.

Part 1 from Lecture Notes: ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM and CULTURAL RELATIVISM (POWERPOINTS)
Distinguish Ethical Subjectivism from Cultural Relativism. What makes both relativists’ theories?
What were David Hume’s and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s arguments that promote individual relativism and support ethical subjectivism? Explain:
What were Charles Darwin’s theory and Herbert Spencer’s arguments that supported the development of cultural relativism? Explain:
Criticize individual relativism. Why is it not an acceptable ethical position?
Criticize cultural relativism and why it is not an acceptable ethical position.
Part 2 from lecture notes: Divine Command Theory (POWERPOINT)
Define the role of religion in ethical life. What is the foundation of the Divine Command Theory? What is the grounding of this theory?
What was Feodor Dostoyevsky’s argument regarding Divine Command Theory? What is the implication of this argument in finding ethical grounding?
What was Kai Nielsen’s argument regarding Divine Command Theory? What is the implication of this argument in the search for ethical grounding?
What is this theory’s weakness that cannot be universalized (accepted by all)? Write your criticism on this theory. Do research, what is the advantage and disadvantage of this theory?
If you are to write one last paragraph: What can be the role of religion in shaping the moral attitude of the person? Is religion still relevant today in molding a human person?

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Instructions
Description:
For this assignment, you will choose a scientific theory and write a proposal for how you intend to research it and argue on its behalf.
Before you begin writing your proposal, it is imperative that you understand how to write a philosophy paper. First, read the excerpt by Peter Horban below (all of which can be found in the APUS library). Second, read my directions for how to format your paper as an argument. Third, read my directions for how to write your proposal.
Directions for how to write your proposal:
Once you know where you are going with your topic and have gathered the pertinent sources for your research you can begin your proposal. Start by outlining your intentions for the paper (see Supporting Materials), then write a brief overview of what you hope to accomplish in the paper, i.e. how you will defend the theory you chose, and finish with an annotated citation page.
This proposal should be 300 – 400 words, in MLA or APA format. Additionally, it should include an annotated bibliography of five resources. An annotated bibliography is a regular bibliography but with a couple of additional sentences after each entry that you write that describes how the resource will assist you in writing on your topic. It is expected that your topic and your resources will develop as you do your research and writing, and you may feel free to make adjustments as you go. You should also incorporate as much of our assigned reading/course materials as possible.
In addition to our course materials, a good place to get started is at the Philosophy Research Guide in the APUS Library (see link below). For your annotated bibliography, at least three of your references should be from the APUS Library, including two which are academically, peer-reviewed journal articles. In your annotation, make sure that you describe where you found them in the APUS Library.
Please look at the following to help you write a philosophy paper.
Please look at the following to help you format your paper as an argument.
Due on Apr 28, 2024 11:55 PM