Category: Philosophy

Please read the instructions and write about the first option which is about Cicero’s thoughts on friendship. You don’t need outside sources, just use Cicero’s essay. 

Classical Philosophy, Native Pragmatism, Feminist Thought,
American History, History of Philosophy, Philosophical Anthropology and Social Philosophy to
discuss the Theme 
THEME
Our course integrated Mather’s biblical historicist account of a Settler Colonial mindset,
indigenous moral criticism and religious spiritual pluralism, intersectional epistemology, inventor
and diplomacy stories of Franklin and Colden’s experimental empirical science, transformative
Women writers on the fundamental value of maintaining proper relations with others, a Relative
Self-conception, and interracial coexistence. Discuss the American philosophy you found most
interesting in Pratt’s (2002), Native Pragmatism and in the Feminist philosophers we read and
discussed in our class concerning the values of interaction, community, pluralism, growth,
experimental science. Do you think that Pratt’s new narrative reconstruction of the history of
American philosophy is constructive for an inclusive public discourse about the lifeworld value of
coexistence?
APA Bibliography—alphabetize by last name: Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the
Intersection of Race and Sex; Fricker, M. (2009). Epistemic Injustice; Pratt, S.L. (2002) Native
Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University
Press; Tronto, J. (1989) Women and Caring  

It is a 5 page essay double spaced in MLA format it is also an argumentative paper. I added the prompt of the essay so you can see the directions of it.

Hello, so the abstract sounds like this: 
Abstract:
The paper explores the notion of emotions in animals, addressing both the cognitive and ethical ramifications. It examines why humans started recognizing emotions in animals, the implications for humane treatment, and the philosophical debates surrounding the legitimacy of animal emotions. By analyzing the works of Martha Nussbaum, particularly “Upheavals of Thought” and “Justice for Animals,” the paper seeks to understand how emotions as judgments can be reconciled with the capacity of animals to experience similar emotional states. The study aims to challenge the perspective that diminishes the importance of animal emotions and discusses how this affects ethical attitudes toward animals. 
Structure 
Introduction:
Outline the context of animal emotions and their role in human perception.
Present the central question: why is recognizing emotions in animals crucial for ethical treatment? 
Theories of Emotions in Animals:
Judgment-Based Theories: Discuss Nussbaum’s theory of emotions as judgments from “Upheavals of Thought.”
Animal Cognition: Explore research on animal emotions and cognition, referencing works by ethologists like Frans de Waal and Jane Goodall. 
Challenges and Counterarguments:
Examine common objections to the attribution of emotions to animals. These might include:
The anthropomorphization critique.
Arguments regarding human uniqueness in emotional complexity.
Address these counterarguments with evidence from scientific studies showing that animals display empathy, grief, joy, etc. 
Ethical Implications:
Analyze how recognizing emotions in animals can lead to more humane treatment.
Discuss Nussbaum’s “Justice for Animals” and her Capability Approach, focusing on the importance of respecting animals’ emotional capacities. 
Case Studies and Practical Applications:
Present real-world examples where recognizing animal emotions has led to changes in treatment and policy (e.g., improvements in farm animal welfare, wildlife conservation efforts).
Consider implications for animal rights, veganism, and anti-cruelty laws. 
Conclusion:
Summarize the findings and highlight the significance of recognizing animal emotions.
Suggest areas for further research or ethical exploration.

Hello, I will attach a document with all of the writing instructions. I will also add the rubric and an extra reading that gives you context of the assignment (Theaetetus). Please read all of the instructions and follow them thoroughly, thank you. 
Website the teacher said might help: https://owlcation.com/humanities/How-to-write-a-Philosophy-Dialogue

For Essay 1, you must answer the following question:
“At first glance, it seems that [in the Transplant Case] utilitarianism has to answer
the question with “Yes, the doctor should kill Chuck.” It is better that five people
survive than that just one person does. But on commonsense morality and
virtually every other moral theory, the answer is “No, do not kill Chuck.” On most
views, killing Chuck would be morally monstrous. This apparent counterintuitive
implication of utilitarianism is taken as an argument against its being the correct
moral theory.” (MacAskill, W., Meissner, D., and Chappell, R.Y. Objections to
Utilitarianism and Responses. https://www.utilitarianism.net/objections-to-
utilitarianism, accessed 12/5/2022.)
Explain what the Transplant Case is and why it is supposed to show that Act-
Utilitarianism is not the correct moral theory.
In the lectures, Professor Woollard identified 3 ways that an Act-Utilitarian could
respond to this argument. Explain and assess one of these responses, relating it to
the discussion in MacAskill, Meissner and Chappell.
Note: that this question requires you to discuss Woollard’s version of the possible
responses.
Feedback-Write a new conclusion first which is very clear about which response.
Everything prior leads to the conclusion.
Better organisation.
Concentrate on biting the bullet write a conclusion for it evalaute whether it is a good or bad response
References use Harvard

Kindly follow the feedback based on what is on the document. Choose one of the philosophy papers from the first stage of the course “Value-Free Science” by Dupreand put that in critical conversation with Data and Society (Beaulieu and Leonelli 2022), in order to generate some new insights about data science. Your aim is to articulate and defend a thesis about data science and its relationship to the philosophical view about science defended in the paper. Essay Criteria
As a whole, essay reflects: 
Strong reasoning in support of your conclusion(s). 
The views of your sources are explained accurately or adequately supported by quote and analysis.
Use of assigned readings and the concepts and analysis discussed in class as they pertain to your project.
Introduction: 
Introduces the reader to the specific philosophical question/issue/problem the paper will address. 
The thesis statement clearly expresses an arguable claim that answers the question posed.  
Essay Body:  
The body is structured to serve the goal identified in the introduction.  (For you to consider: what kinds of things do you need to do, and what order should they be presented for the reader?)
The reader is guided through the argument, with transition statements between paragraphs, and topic and/or summary statement in each paragraph that clearly expresses the main point of that paragraph. 
Connections between ideas are spelled out (for example, between some evidence and your thesis claim), so that the reasoning supporting your points is explicit.  
Key terms are introduced as needed, explained, and used consistently and accurately.   
Sources’ views
i.     Explain the claim and use in-text citation, providing page numbers when referencing specific part of the text.  
ii.     When an author’s meaning is unclear from the passage, quote it and explain the author’s point. 
Conclusion: A concise summary of what we’ve learned from your essay; includes an explicit statement of your thesis.   You may also point out interesting implications of your position, or further questions your work raises.
Works Cited section follows the conclusion, and contains bibliographic information about each source, formatted consistently. 

PLEASE READ AND EVERYTHING IN THIS PROMPT AND ONLY USE THE SOURCES PROVIDED.
Consider the following scenario:
A friend just texted and wants you to go with him to a party. You really want to go, but you
know that you can’t and still finish your Hume paper by the due date. You know you ought
to stay home because your grade in 139 is important, but you are still tempted to go to the
party.
The average person would characterize this as a conflict between reason and desire/passion—i.e. between what we want to do (or are excited to do) and what our reason tells us we ought to do.
Hume, however, denies that such a conflict between reason and passion/desire can exist. Instead, he claims that “reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them” (T 2.3.3). If so, then how does Hume account for these seeming cases of conflict? I.e. why do we sometimes feel like reason can get us to do what we don’t really want to do? Or why do we tend to think that we’re acting irrationally when we cave into these sorts of temptations (by pursuing what appears to be the lesser good)? In answering, be sure to sketch the view Hume is arguing against, the reasons why he thinks it ultimately fails, the view he suggests should take its place, and how he thinks it accounts for these seeming cases of conflict. Finally, do you think his view is ultimately satisfying? One possible worry—if reason can’t help to guide and direct our actions (by helping to coordinate and prioritize our desires), then what explains why we still manage to have a relatively stable and unified psychology? Why aren’t we  instead tossed to and fro by the constant flux of our passions and desires, where the strongest desire that we feel at the moment is what moves us, regardless of that desire’s impact on my happiness overall, only to have it change moments later?

Directions:
-a film reflection based on three (3) films that relate to the Africana family. Two films are required: Spike Lee’s, “Crooklyn” and “Claudine”. Students have the choice of identifying their third film to include within the reflection. 
REQUIRED FILM: The 1994 Spike Lee joint, “Crooklyn.” Students may access the film using the following Vimeo link: https://vimeo.com/520314319.
REQUIRED FILM: The 1974 film, “Claudine”. Students may access the film via YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xIsj8RpNm8.
The 1997 film, “Soul Food.” Students may access the film via TubiTV: “Soul Food”
The 2011 film, “Madea’s Big Happy Family” via YouTube: “Madea’s Big Happy Family”
The 2008 film, “Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins” via YouTube (students are able to watch for free if they sign up for a Free Trial): “Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins”
The 2000 film, “Holiday Heart” via TubiTV (trigger warning): “Holiday Heart”
-expected to watch THREE films and using at least two (2) readings/author/concepts (one from Unit 1 & one from Unit 2), submit a synthesizing film reflection
– Times New Roman, 12pt font, having 1in. margins all around. 1st person voice in this reflection 
-responding to the following prompt in essay format:
Identify the overall premise of all films. Provide a BRIEF summary of the film. 
Identify at least one (1) salient concept/reading/author from BOTH Unit 1 & Unit 2 that corresponds with EACH film. What is the unit concept/author/reading? Explain its relationship to the film. 
Crooklyn film: The film uses various cinematic strategies to compare different Africana family structures. How is “healthy family” interrogated and demonstrated within film? 
Claudine film: The film demonstrates varying family structures in an urban environment. Recently, Congressional politicians have made statements to reflect narrow definitions of family and parenting. (Refer to:
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/04/28/marjorie-taylor-greene-mother-weingarten/11755144002/
https://www.newsweek.com/greene-calls-non-biological-parents-fake-amid-post-roe-adoption-push-1725293
-Nonetheless, the current Vice President is an example of a blended family:
https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/943651383/as-a-stepparent-kamala-harris-puts-families-you-choose-in-the-spotlight
-Discuss how the film, “Claudine” qualifies “family” and how this is demonstrated, in spite of myopic understandings of the “American family.” 
-Discuss the 3rd film of your choice and how this film explores and displays the Africana family. Discuss its relation to either “Claudine” or “Crooklyn”. 
Concept/Readings/authors from UNIT 1: in files (let me know if you cant acess ) AND USE SOURCE FROM BOTH UNIT 1 & 2
-Dixon CH 1 & 2
-Ani Concept and Term
-Ani CH 5 & 7
-worldviews powerpoint
Concepts/authors/readings from UNIT 2: in files
-Dixon CH 12
-Hillard Ch 1
-Nobles Ch 5&6
-Dixon-Spears 1,2, 10, 11

Malcolm Gladwell popularised the intriguing idea of “The Tipping Point” in his book of the same name. It describes the point at which a concept, a fad, or a social behaviour transcends a threshold and becomes contagious. Significant ramifications of this idea can be seen in a number of disciplines, including epidemiology, sociology, and marketing.Let’s examine a case study to learn more about this subject: the social media issues that go viral. These challenges frequently begin modestly, with a limited number of participants who post their experiences online. But eventually, they hit a tipping point where a lot of people start to take notice and get involved.Would you mind sharing your ideas or personal experiences about the topic of tipping points? Or maybe there’s another facet of the subject you’d like to.
In briefThe book opens with a historical account of the 1990s syphilis pandemic, which claimed many lives among children. Gladwell offers explanations for why the situation might have gone from being controlled to an epidemic in this chapter. The author employs a number of other theories to try and find some sort of explanation for the Baltimore syphilis outbreak. While some scientists link the outbreak to a drop in medical services in areas of Baltimore’s impoverished and interior neighbourhoods, other theorists, such as John Potterat, link the rapid rise of the pandemic to the physical changes that characterise West and East Baltimore. In the past, illnesses like syphilis would only impact a limited area and remain contained inside that specific territory. Gladwell claims that three crucial
The first anecdote in the chapter tells the tale of a small child who heard British officers talking about a “hell tomorrow” while they were in Boston in 1775. Fearing for his life, the child rushes to see a silversmith named Revere, who tells him what he heard. Inspired by the child’s story, Revere, who had heard rumours of an invasion at first, decides to alert locals about the imminent British invasion in Arlington and Lexington. People quickly began spreading the word like a virus, getting as far as Worcester. The British were completely taken aback by the local soldiers’ organisation and ferocious opposition when they marched through the streets the following morning.
The first section of the chapter discusses Joan Cooney’s television programme Sesame Street, which aims to promote reading among American kids. After much research on the most effective techniques to teach youngsters, the 1960s show was created. Gladwell refers to television and literacy as “agents of infection” and “virus,” respectively. Gladwell cites the television show as an illustration of how creators ingrain their concepts into the consciousness of their intended audience. It is known by him as the stickiness factor. Television is one of the best mediums for readily reaching a large number of viewers, but using it as an educational platform would be difficult. As a result, the necessary steps had to be taken to make
The story opens with Bernhard Goetz meeting four black guys in a New York underpass, which led to a brutal encounter. The four young people in the tube requested five dollars from Goetz, who then pulled out a revolver and started shooting at them. Three of them passed away right away, while the final one was left totally paralysed. It was discovered during the investigation that the four young guys had a history of illegal activity. While the others had been connected to several theft cases, one of them had previously been arrested for robbery. Furthermore, screwdrivers that were probably intended to be used for damage were discovered in the possession of three of the victims. The episode sparked debates across the country, particularly given the context of the time.
Rebecca Walls, the 1996 author of The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, is the subject of this chapter. When it was first published, the book did not do that well. But later on, the book sold a lot of copies, ranking among the most popular books at the moment. Gladwell attempts to explain the phenomenon underlying the book’s unexpected and remarkable surge in sales and popularity in this chapter, which saw the author sell nearly 2.5 million copies in February 1998. Gladwell claims that the book club members were the ones who started the power of word-of-mouth, which is what caused this shift. The chapter sheds insight on comparable occurrences that begin somewhat uncommonly and then spread to the majority through a number of examples. For example, the writer
This chapter opens with the tale of Airwalk, a business that became quite well-known in the 1990s. The company began by producing skateboarding shoes, but it gradually branched out into mountain biking, cycling races, and surfing. In an effort to appeal to a wider audience of skaters, Airwalk redesigned their footwear and launched an international brand. Among the many tactics the business employed, the most crucial one was bringing on a small advertising agency to revamp the brand’s advertising strategy. By working with Airwalk, the advertising firm Lambesis was able to contribute to the company’s unexpected rise in popularity and subsequent increase in market value to six million US dollars by 1990. After four years, Airwalk’s sales had grown to $44 million, but it
Gladwell examines two major epidemics in this chapter: teenage smoking and suicide in the Islands of Micronesia. The chapter opens with the tale of Sima, a young teenage boy from Micronesia, who has a disagreement with his father. Sima’s father gives him instructions to search the closest town for a certain type of knife one morning. When the youngster doesn’t return with the knife, his father gets upset, chases him out, and orders him never to come back. The boy leaves in desperation and hangs himself in the end. In Micronesia during the time this specific occurrence occurred, suicide rates were rather low. Gladwell declares that a few years later, disputes between teens led to other teenage suicide incidents in Micronesia.
Synopsis: In this last installment, San Diego-based nurse Georgia Sadler shares her story. Sadler took it upon herself to raise awareness of cancer and diabetes. Sadler’s goal was to create a movement that would guarantee the avoidance of these illnesses, and she would regularly schedule meetings in local churches to accomplish this. Sadly, her efforts were not very successful because, at most, two hundred people would show up for the sessions. After church, only a few of those people were still there, but it soon became apparent that about twenty of them had already been diagnosed with the ailments. “Sadler couldn’t get her message to tip outside of that small group,” as Gladwell puts it.At that point, Sadler tried to use novel strategies.