Category: Pharmacology

Answer pharmacology consumer questions regarding medications. 
Response must be professional, compelete, and accuration for the pharmacology of the medication.

Topic: Case studies of 2 marketed liposomal formulations: List their composition, reasons for formulating liposomes, need for each ingredient in the formulation, and bioavailability.
Page limit: Font 12 Times New Roman, 3 pages (not including references)

As you can see in the attached file that what is needed to be answer regarding the disease Cytomegalovirus

I need to answer all the following sections  A , B ,C  mention everything in  under the A , B ,C section Which means this (i) , (ii) ,(iii) ,(iv) , (v) which means each section have points that i need to include in my essay
Here is what is required : 
(A)
Outline TWO unmet clinical needs that could be addressed by your technology.
Each of the following points should be covered and explained clearly, concisely and accurately to give a balanced and informative overview of the clinical need:
(i)
Inclusion of two distinct appropriate examples of unmet clinical need. These could be diseases or another need that the technology could be applied to, eg better diagnostics. Dependent on the technology, a specific disease (eg cystic fibrosis or a broad disease class (eg solid tumors) could be chosen.
(ii)
Explanation of disease aetiology, including appropriate molecular detail eg gene names.
(iii)
Explanation of disease progression and consequences, with statistics where relevant.
(iv)
Discussion of epidemiology in UK and internationally, with indication of disease burden and scale of clinical need, and statistics where relevant.
(v)
Explanation of current therapeutic approaches and discussion of their limitations. Depending on the disease, these could vary from no current curative treatment to a range of good therapies that could still be improved due to unpleasant side effects or poor compliance.
(B)
Describe how distinct technologies within your chosen technology area could be used to address these needs.
Clear explanation of how approaches from within the technology area could be applied to each unmet clinical need. For a 2:1 or above, students should cover distinct approaches for each clinical need (eg siRNA and CRISPR, or microneedles and 3D printing). The following points should be addressed:
Explanation of how the technology works. This should include a clear and accurate summary of how this specific technological approach would be used to treat this specific clinical need, with appropriate mechanistic detail, but
(i)
should be concise and focused on the topic being addressed.
(ii)
Explain any variables in how this approach could be applied to this clinical need, for example delivery method or specific design choices (eg ASO modification), and which of these variables is most suitable/promising, with rationale for this choice. If several approaches are promising you can summarise this and explain why.
(iii)
Give an accurate overview of clinical research and development to date.
Depending on the level of research this does not need to cover everything that fias been done, but should summarise the main approaches taken, the stage of development (eg pre-clinical, or specific clinical trial stage) and give an accurate overview of how successful this approach has been in research to date, with statistics if appropriate.
(C)
Describe the barriers to clinical adoption of your chosen technology for each of these needs.
Balanced and critical overview of the likelihood of each of the chosen technological approaches becoming a useful approach to each clinical need in future. Exactly what is covered here will be very individual to the topic, and students should use their judgment to discuss the barriers that are relevant to the specific topics they have covered. As a general guideline, this answer should include:
(i)
Consideration of any relevant barriers to your approach being used in clinical practice. These may include the practicalities of development and production, delivery, efficacy, cost, ethics, as possible examples, but the relevant barriers will be very specific to an individual approach. Discussion of generic barriers that are not relevant to this particular application will be marked down.
(ii)
Discussion of any alternative approaches to the clinical keed that are also undergoing research or development and how these may influence the adoption of your chosen technological approach, where relevant.

I need to answer all the following sections  A , B ,C  mention everything in  under the A , B ,C   Which i mean this (i) , (ii) ,(iii) ,(iv) , (v) which means each section have points that i need to include it
Here is what is required : 
(A)
Outline TWO unmet clinical needs that could be addressed by your technology.
Each of the following points should be covered and explained clearly, concisely and accurately to give a balanced and informative overview of the clinical need:
(i)
Inclusion of two distinct appropriate examples of unmet clinical need. These could be diseases or another need that the technology could be applied to, eg better diagnostics. Dependent on the technology, a specific disease (eg cystic fibrosis or a broad disease class (eg solid tumors) could be chosen.
(ii)
Explanation of disease aetiology, including appropriate molecular detail eg gene names.
(iii)
Explanation of disease progression and consequences, with statistics where relevant.
(iv)
Discussion of epidemiology in UK and internationally, with indication of disease burden and scale of clinical need, and statistics where relevant.
(v)
Explanation of current therapeutic approaches and discussion of their limitations. Depending on the disease, these could vary from no current curative treatment to a range of good therapies that could still be improved due to unpleasant side effects or poor compliance.
(B)
Describe how distinct technologies within your chosen technology area could be used to address these needs.
Clear explanation of how approaches from within the technology area could be applied to each unmet clinical need. For a 2:1 or above, students should cover distinct approaches for each clinical need (eg siRNA and CRISPR, or microneedles and 3D printing). The following points should be addressed:
Explanation of how the technology works. This should include a clear and accurate summary of how this specific technological approach would be used to treat this specific clinical need, with appropriate mechanistic detail, but
(i)
should be concise and focused on the topic being addressed.
(ii)
Explain any variables in how this approach could be applied to this clinical need, for example delivery method or specific design choices (eg ASO modification), and which of these variables is most suitable/promising, with rationale for this choice. If several approaches are promising you can summarise this and explain why.
(iii)
Give an accurate overview of clinical research and development to date.
Depending on the level of research this does not need to cover everything that fias been done, but should summarise the main approaches taken, the stage of development (eg pre-clinical, or specific clinical trial stage) and give an accurate overview of how successful this approach has been in research to date, with statistics if appropriate.
(C)
Describe the barriers to clinical adoption of your chosen technology for each of these needs.
Balanced and critical overview of the likelihood of each of the chosen technological approaches becoming a useful approach to each clinical need in future. Exactly what is covered here will be very individual to the topic, and students should use their judgment to discuss the barriers that are relevant to the specific topics they have covered. As a general guideline, this answer should include:
(i)
Consideration of any relevant barriers to your approach being used in clinical practice. These may include the practicalities of development and production, delivery, efficacy, cost, ethics, as possible examples, but the relevant barriers will be very specific to an individual approach. Discussion of generic barriers that are not relevant to this particular application will be marked down.
(ii)
Discussion of any alternative approaches to the clinical keed that are also undergoing research or development and how these may influence the adoption of your chosen technological approach, where relevant.

How are first- and second-generation antipsychotics alike and different? What is the mechanism of action for each?
What are extrapyramidal symptoms, and why do they happen? How do you treat them?
What are the key considerations in monitoring patients on these medications?

Dear Students,
Each student will select a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and compile a detailed report on its formulation and the products available in the market as per the requirments below.
Requirements:
1. Define the chosen mAb and discuss its medical uses. Include a relevant image with a caption. Cite your reference. (1 mark)
2. Explore the formulation challenges of your chosen mAb focusing on stability and solubility. Include an image illustrating cases or results, such as charts, that examine these challenges. Cite your reference. (2 marks)
3. Provide examples of commercially available products of your chosen mAb. Describe the form of the product during storage and its form during administration (e.g., powder, solution, etc.). Mention the recommended storage conditions, and include images with captions for each product. Cite your reference. (2 marks)
– Ensure your work is original. No cheating or plagiarism.
– Each section must include at least 2 images with caption.
– Deadline: 16 May 2024

Directions
Answer the following questions and respond to at least one of your peers.  You must cite your sources, your initial response must be at least 250 words or more and your response to a peer must add to the discussion and be at least 150 words or more.
Activities
Differentiate between peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Research, then compare and contrast the treatment approaches used for duodenal and gastric ulcers.

Molecular Modeling of Chiral Drugs
Background:
About more than half of the over the counter and prescription drugs are chiral compounds but almost 90% of them are sold as racemates consisting of a 50:50% mixture of two enantiomers (Nguyen, et. al., 2006). As learned in this Module, although enantiomers have the same chemical structure, many chiral drugs have differences in biological activities such as pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism. For example, Advil contains S-ibuprofen that is over 100-fold more potent as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase I than (R)-ibuprofen. Furthermore, in the body, only inactive R-enantiomer inverts by hepatic enzymes into the active S-enantiomer (Landoni, 2001 and Marzo, 2002).
Instructions:
Pick one molecules of the following racemic drugs with one major bioactive enantiomer
Calcium channel antagonists are used under racemic form such as verapamil, nicardipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, felodipine, mandipine.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors include captopril, benazepril, enalapril, idapril.
Hypnotics such as hexobarbital, secobarbital, mephobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental, thiohexital.
Racemic drugs with equally bioactive enantiomers, such as cyclophosphamide (antineoplastic), flecainide (antiarrhythmic), fluoxetine (antidepressant).
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), namely ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenprofen, benoxaprophen,
Conduct research on this racemic drug online and using the CSU library and write a 500 word summary on the drugs pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism.
In the summary, indicate how chirality and stereoisomers could influence the pharmacology, bioactivity, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism.
Build a molecular model of both enantiomers of this drug and take a photo of the enantiomers oriented in a way that it clearly shows the non superimposability of the mirror images.
Point out the chiral center or centers and indicate absolute configuration (R or S) of each chiral center.
References:
Landoni MF, Soraci A. (2001) Pharmacology of chiral compounds: 2-Arylpropionic acid derivatives. Current Drug Metabolism. 2(1):37–51.
Marzo A, Heftman E. (2002) Enantioselective analytical methods in pharmacokinetics with specific reference to genetic polymorphic metabolism. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 54(1-3):57–70.
Nguyen, L. A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2006). Chiral drugs: an overview. International journal of biomedical science : IJBS, 2(2), 85–100.