Category: Linguistics

This thesis delves into the complicated world of linguistic variety by examining the wide range of sounds in languages worldwide and the subtle differences between English accents. Provide comparison and contrast of vocal traits from different language settings to try to understand the basic rules and unique paths that make up human speech sounds.
Language sounds are very different as they include various consonants, vowels, tones, and prosodic traits. From the complicated tones of Mandarin Chinese to the click sounds of Southern African languages, each language system has its way of showing us how speech is made and understood. Through sound analysis and cross-linguistic comparison, researchers have found patterns of phonetic universals and language-specific limits. These patterns show how biological predispositions and cultural factors shape phonetic systems in a complex way.
Finally, studying phonetic diversity displays the complex web of human language use by including the wide variety of sounds in world languages and the subtle differences between English accents, which will examine the rules and unique paths that make up sound systems and understand how people communicate and the many aspects of language differences.
Please see the attachment, which will provide further details (such as essay formatting).

THE TOPIC: Influence of language barriers on relationships in multicultural settings. 
RESEARCH QUESTION: What strategies will mitigate the negative effects of the language barriers to building and maintenance of relationships in a multicultural setting?
* I have attached the instructions as well as the start of the first page of the research paper and 6 of the 12 resources. If you do not like the 6 that is given you can always change it. You can also change the first page if needed. 

I need to write a paper on the  how major oil companies, specifically Chevron and ExxonMobil, utilize language and media to shape public perceptions of their environmental policies.
What semantic strategies and pragmatic devices do Chevron and ExxonMobil employ in their public communications to frame their involvement in climate change initiatives
Here are the guidelines: 
Overview: Your term paper should use a data set (whether from English or some other language) to address a specific question that linguists have asked (or could ask), or use one or more of the analytic tools described in class to describe general properties of a particular data set. Good data sources (that have been used previously for term papers in this class) include:  
Data retrieved from a corpus/database (e.g., Framenet, COCA, Sketch Engine, multi-lingual corpora with aligned translations) 
Presidential debate and TV news interview transcripts 
Social media postings from a certain period 
Advertisements from a set of magazines targeting some demographic
Spanish- and English-language versions of a particular young adult novel 
A week’s worth of news stories describing a particular event in 2-3 distinct news organs 
Data from a published linguistics paper 
Fieldwork data that you or someone else has collected 
Data that you have introspected based on your intuitions about usage as a native or fluent speaker (e.g., examples of a particular metaphorical mapping in a language) 
Examples of analytic tools include: Lakoff’s theory of metaphorical mapping, Croft and Cruse’s theory of ambiguity and sub-sense units, Bickel’s selection-based model of aspect, Grice’s theory of conversational inference, Goldberg’s theory of argument structure, Lambrecht’s theory of information structure, Lakoff’s theory of metaphorical mapping, Grice’s theory of conversational inference, Michaelis’s theory of the interaction of grammatical and lexical aspect. 
Format and length: The paper must be no more than 4500 words long, inclusive of linguistic data, footnotes and tables. This count does not include your references (bibliography). Figures, figure captions, and any appendices do not count toward the word total. It should be in (a readable) 12- font. The paper should contain consecutively numbered subsections, starting with the introductory section, Section 1. Number all linguistic examples and refer to them by number in the body of the text. All non-English examples should contain an English translation immediately below, with narrow glosses (as well as broad glosses) provided for examples with complex morphology. 
Adhering to the length limit: The length limit is a strict limit. Place your total word count right under the title of your paper. This count includes bibliography entries and footnotes, if any, and excludes any figures and appendices (e.g., a survey form that you used to collect data about semantic judgments).  
The introduction: Your introduction is your contract with the reader. That’s why the introduction is an exceedingly important section of your paper. The introduction should clearly state the question you are addressing, why the question is important and the method you’re going to use to explore the question. The introduction should cite something that other thinkers have said that relates to the question. It should (and must) be brief and clear. Be sure it provides a clear example illustrating the linguistic phenomenon you’re going to discuss. At the end of the introduction section (which should be numbered 1), lay out the ‘road map’ for the paper, telling briefly what you will do in each section of the paper. The conventional formula is The remainder of this paper will be structured as follows.
See the sample term paper under Course Information on the course site for an example of a brief introduction containing a ‘road map’.  
Citing prior works: Your paper should contain at least four bibliographic citations, which should be listed in a separate References section, using the bibliographic style of a published work in linguistics. Remember that any inline citation must refer to a bibliographic citation in the References section.
I recommend using the citation/bibliography style of the journal Language, found in sections 11-12 of this style sheetLinks to an external site..  
Use footnotes or endnotes only for additional information, not for bibliographic references. Bibliographic citations should be given for all direct quotes and concepts that you use from another author. Citations should be given by last name and date in the body of the paper, as in the following example:
This appears to be a case in which “the discourse-functional properties of a complex structure are determined by the functional and semantic properties of its component parts” (Birner, Kaplan and Ward 2007: 319, fn. 1). 
Structure: You term paper should contain an introductory section in which you describe the linguistic question you intend to address, explain briefly what data and conceptual tools you will use to address this problem, say briefly what your findings are, and explain what you will do in the body of the paper (by section). The paper should contain a brief concluding section, a references section (as described in citing prior works above) and an appendix describing the linguistic data that you’ve considered if that’s appropriate. 
I have included the data I have analyzed inside inside each csv file I have the    text classification results of the categories in one of the columns beside each text I have scraped facebook posts from both exxon and chevron profiles and from their web pages I have also scraped reddit posts to get a better understanding of public opinion I ran it by which are:
Environmental Initiatives: Classify texts that discuss specific environmental projects or sustainability efforts undertaken by the companies.
Corporate Governance: Focus on texts related to corporate governance practices, ethical standards, board decisions, etc.
Climate Change Advocacy: Identify discussions and statements that relate to advocacy for climate change policies and practices.
Financial Performance: Classify texts discussing financial results, investments, and other economic-related disclosures.
Community and Social Responsibility: Texts that talk about CSR activities, community engagement, and social impact initiatives.
Innovation and Technology: Focus on advancements in technology, innovations, and R&D activities described in the texts.
Regulatory and Legal Issues: Classify content that deals with regulatory compliance, legal cases, or legislative changes affecting the company.
Public and Media Relations: Texts that involve the company’s interactions with the media or public statements made to manage public perception.
Risk Management: Identify discussions on risk management practices, especially in the context of environmental risks and climate change.
Energy Transition: Classify texts that discuss strategies related to transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.
Under final revised proposal you can get a better idea of the angle I wish to take and an outline that you may use as you wish. I have included some research papers to use as well as info for when discussing previous research in the paper I have included quite a few documents from chevron and exxonmobil to make finding data easier on you if you wish to use it

Scenario
You are teaching a linguistics course for students enrolled in the bachelor’s in elementary education program at your local college. In the first week of your course, you want to help your students become familiar with the terminology they will need to know as future elementary teachers.
Assignment Deliverable
Develop a 10-question quiz about language and linguistics concepts. Be sure to include the question, the answer, and an explanation.
Your quiz should incorporate terms used in the first two weeks of this course (i.e., phonemes, morphemes, phonetics, etc.). You should not simply copy/paste terms from the readings. Your questions should be written in your own words. For example, you may want to create some short scenarios and have your students identify which term is being discussed in the scenarios.
Review the following examples of different types of questions:
Scenario Example
Question: An English teacher explains that adding an “s” to the end of a word can change the meaning of it. For example, changing cat to cats means there is more than one cat. What linguistic term describes the smallest unit added to a word (e.g., this “s”)?
Answer/explanation: A morpheme is the smallest unit. In the above example, the morpheme “s” changes the noun from singular to plural.
True/False Example
Question: In the word unhappy, the prefix “un” is a morpheme that changes the meaning of the word happy.
Answer/explanation: True. The morpheme “un” is the prefix used to negate the meaning of the word happy.
Multiple-Choice Example
Question: Adding “er” or “ing” to the word run changes its meaning. What are these added parts called in linguistic terms? a) phonemes b) morpheme c) semantics d) syntax
Answer/explanation: The answer is b) morpheme. The morphemes “er” and “ing” change the meaning. Runner is the person running while running indicates the present action of running.
You may include scenarios, matching, true/false, multiple-choice questions, or a combination of these types of questions.

I need to write a paper on the  how major oil companies, specifically Chevron and ExxonMobil, utilize language and media to shape public perceptions of their environmental policies.
What semantic strategies and pragmatic devices do Chevron and ExxonMobil employ in their public communications to frame their involvement in climate change initiatives
Here are the guidelines: 
Overview: Your term paper should use a data set (whether from English or some other language) to address a specific question that linguists have asked (or could ask), or use one or more of the analytic tools described in class to describe general properties of a particular data set. Good data sources (that have been used previously for term papers in this class) include:  
Data retrieved from a corpus/database (e.g., Framenet, COCA, Sketch Engine, multi-lingual corpora with aligned translations) 
Presidential debate and TV news interview transcripts 
Social media postings from a certain period 
Advertisements from a set of magazines targeting some demographic
Spanish- and English-language versions of a particular young adult novel 
A week’s worth of news stories describing a particular event in 2-3 distinct news organs 
Data from a published linguistics paper 
Fieldwork data that you or someone else has collected 
Data that you have introspected based on your intuitions about usage as a native or fluent speaker (e.g., examples of a particular metaphorical mapping in a language) 
Examples of analytic tools include: Lakoff’s theory of metaphorical mapping, Croft and Cruse’s theory of ambiguity and sub-sense units, Bickel’s selection-based model of aspect, Grice’s theory of conversational inference, Goldberg’s theory of argument structure, Lambrecht’s theory of information structure, Lakoff’s theory of metaphorical mapping, Grice’s theory of conversational inference, Michaelis’s theory of the interaction of grammatical and lexical aspect. 
Format and length: The paper must be no more than 4500 words long, inclusive of linguistic data, footnotes and tables. This count does not include your references (bibliography). Figures, figure captions, and any appendices do not count toward the word total. It should be in (a readable) 12- font. The paper should contain consecutively numbered subsections, starting with the introductory section, Section 1. Number all linguistic examples and refer to them by number in the body of the text. All non-English examples should contain an English translation immediately below, with narrow glosses (as well as broad glosses) provided for examples with complex morphology. 
Adhering to the length limit: The length limit is a strict limit. Place your total word count right under the title of your paper. This count includes bibliography entries and footnotes, if any, and excludes any figures and appendices (e.g., a survey form that you used to collect data about semantic judgments).  
The introduction: Your introduction is your contract with the reader. That’s why the introduction is an exceedingly important section of your paper. The introduction should clearly state the question you are addressing, why the question is important and the method you’re going to use to explore the question. The introduction should cite something that other thinkers have said that relates to the question. It should (and must) be brief and clear. Be sure it provides a clear example illustrating the linguistic phenomenon you’re going to discuss. At the end of the introduction section (which should be numbered 1), lay out the ‘road map’ for the paper, telling briefly what you will do in each section of the paper. The conventional formula is The remainder of this paper will be structured as follows.
See the sample term paper under Course Information on the course site for an example of a brief introduction containing a ‘road map’.  
Citing prior works: Your paper should contain at least four bibliographic citations, which should be listed in a separate References section, using the bibliographic style of a published work in linguistics. Remember that any inline citation must refer to a bibliographic citation in the References section.
I recommend using the citation/bibliography style of the journal Language, found in sections 11-12 of this style sheetLinks to an external site..  
Use footnotes or endnotes only for additional information, not for bibliographic references. Bibliographic citations should be given for all direct quotes and concepts that you use from another author. Citations should be given by last name and date in the body of the paper, as in the following example:
This appears to be a case in which “the discourse-functional properties of a complex structure are determined by the functional and semantic properties of its component parts” (Birner, Kaplan and Ward 2007: 319, fn. 1). 
Structure: You term paper should contain an introductory section in which you describe the linguistic question you intend to address, explain briefly what data and conceptual tools you will use to address this problem, say briefly what your findings are, and explain what you will do in the body of the paper (by section). The paper should contain a brief concluding section, a references section (as described in citing prior works above) and an appendix describing the linguistic data that you’ve considered if that’s appropriate. 
Under final revised proposal you can get a better idea of the angle I wish to take and an outline that you may use as you wish. I have included some research papers to use as well as info for when discussing previous research in the paper

Independently, students will work on a paper that examines the relationship between language and gender.
The paper contains an introduction with a thesis statement, discussion of the main points, and conclusion plus additional pages for references, charts, maps, and tables.
The references include a variety of sources (primary, secondary, books, journal articles) and follow MLA Style
(2) conduct a brief literature review, critiquing several publications, and articulating your own thoughts and ideas on the topic, using data analysis discussed in the selected secondary sources.
Pick a fictional male or female character that is identified with a particular part of the English-speaking world. (If you speak another language and would like to write about a fictional character with a regional accent in that language, please speak to me about it.) Pick a characteristic phrase that identifies him or her as coming from that region. What is the social meaning of the dialect? What does the screenwriter want you to believe about the character’s gender identity? What stereotype does the character represent? In your analysis focus on one of the following: the vocabulary and voice tone (give examples of words that the character says in the film that identify him or her as from that region) or the content of conversations (what do they consider appropriate and important to communicate about, give examples from the film) or nonverbal communication clues like body posture, arm movements, body position, eye contact, and give examples from the film.
Examine dialogs in novels, children’s books, films, or comic books and see if they use stereotypical male and female speech patterns that we discussed. If they do, analyze how those speech patterns, or linguistic features, are used (e.g., what kinds of features are used by male and female characters and how many times a particular feature is used). For novels or children’s books, a sample of four should suffice – two by female and two by male writers of an equivalent genre (e.g., spy, science fiction, romance). Compare your findings with some of those reported in the research on literary style.

Text Submission or File. Original work. One attempt. Summary: (Do not copy from course Slides or any source. Do not summarize lecture notes. This is not research) Based on your understanding of unit five, write an academic essay on the following topic: Macro-linguistics tends to focus on broader, larger concepts and tendencies of language, while micro-linguistics is concerned with smaller, more specific linguistic elements. Demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered in unit five by writing a brief academic essay identifying aspects of micro-linguistics and how they are covered under Computational Linguistics as evidenced by the latest development in AI chat-bots e.g. ChatGPT & Geminin etc. (one page will be enough )