Category: Criminal justice

In light of the literature discussed in class, what is the effect of the Supreme Court on public opinion?  Do you think the Supreme Court has any impact on public view?
Timothy Johnson and Andrew Martin ‘The Public’s Conditional Response to Supreme Court Decisions” American Political Science Review 92.2 (1998) 299-307.
William Mishler and Reginald Sheehan “The Supreme Court as a Countermajoritarian Institution? The Impact of Public Opinion on Supreme Court Decisions” American Political Science Review 87.1 (1993) 87-101.
Try to use these readings and outside reading as well 

Discuss the differences between multi- dimensional treatments and uni-dimensional treatments with substance abusers. In other words, discuss whether one specific treatment method should be used in the CJS (i.e. AA or NA only, therapy only, groups only) or if multiple treatment methods should be used where a number of different treatment methodologies are combined. Which do you think would have better treatment outcomes?  What does the research state about treatment outcomes? 
Also, and as part of this paper, discuss the efficacy of treating a substance disorder individually, treating a mental health disorder individually (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.)  or treating both disorders together in a program that addresses both of these concerns in the CJS. What is your opinion and what does the research state?  What does the research state about the percentage of co-morbid or dual diagnoses in the CJS vs. individual substance disorders and mental health disorders? Cite at least 6 current (last 5 to 10 years) research articles from scholarly sources for this paper. This paper should be a minimum of 9 pages and no longer than 10 pages, double-spaced. Do not count your title page as one of the required number of pages. Remember that using APA style 7th edition is imperative! An abstract is required and will count towards your minimum page number.

Explain the elements of the psychological factors of juvenile delinquency. 
What are the policy implications of this theory for juvenile
delinquency? What are some of the suggestions/prescriptions for how to
handle juveniles who deviate into crime according to this theory?

Instructions
Pick one of the questions to address in your essay. Make sure to elaborate on the issues of policing and its innovations that are most relevant to your chosen topic.
Based on what you have learned throughout this module, what are the goals of the criminal justice system? Explain how a person’s social location (age, sex, race, gender, economic situation) may impact their perception of criminal justice.
Given the perceived increase of police–citizen conflict that we have seen in recent years, what are the most pressing issues preventing the police from effectively enforcing the law and maintaining citizens’ trust? What programs would you suggest to rebuild trust between the police and the community?
Requirements
Provide a comprehensive reflection of your critical thoughts on the topic at hand.
The essay should be between 400 – 500 words, minimum.
The total required word count makes it about 2 pages in length. Please make sure to use the word count feature in Microsoft Word to ensure you meet the minimum requirement regardless of the number of pages.
It should be typed in Calibri or New Times Roman (12-point font) and double-spaced. 
Follow the traditional essay formatting while addressing the questions provided:
Introduction
Body Paragraphs
Conclusion
For in-text citations and referencing, you must use the APA formatting style
At least two scholarly sources

Below, I have listed a few interventions/policies that have been used to address criminal behavior, along with a relevant theory that ties in with the intervention/policy (for example, mandatory minimums links to deterrence theory. Please make sure that you are not matching the intervention/policy with the wrong theory). 
Mandatory Minimums – Deterrence
Youth Curfews – Routine Activities
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Biopsychosocial
Sex Offender Registries – Labeling
Choose and explain one of the specific interventions/policies listed above and explain its effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) in addressing crime. Be sure to explain what aspects of the policy align with the theory that it is associated with. In your reflection, you should also identify at least 1 crime type or sample for which the intervention/policy has been applied, discuss at least one limitation of the intervention or policy, identify one way in which the intervention or policy could be improved and explain why it would improve the intervention/policy in a way that is consistent with the relevant theory.
describe the intervention/policy you chose 
explain whether research has found the intervention/policy to be effective or ineffective in lowering crime and why — note that this is not asking for your personal opinion about whether it is effective or not
explain how the theory relates to the intervention/policy
identify a sample or crime type that the intervention/policy has been applied to and explain why the sample or crime type is suitable for the intervention/policy 
identify at least 1 limitation of the intervention/policy and explain why it is a limitation 
identify at least 1 way to improve the intervention/policy and explain how the theory supports your improvement suggestion 
have at least 2 scholarly references cited in APA format in the bibliography 
have at least 2 scholarly in-text citations in APA format 

Answer these question, treat them as a long-answer question/essay. preferable with depth:
Answer the following four questions (20 Points Each)
1. Distinguish between power and authority?
2. To what extent does an agency’s reliance on its history and folklore to enhance its self-image impede its ability to change?
3. Is leadership a learned skill or inherited skill?
4. What are the three most important measurements of an effective organizations?
Mandatory Question (20 points)
5. Should Chiefs of Police be elected officials like County Sheriffs to minimize political pressure on daily police life?
Mandatory Questions (35 Points each)
6. What are five major job duties which are different between a chief of police and a Warden of a Correctional Institution?
7. Explain the moral and ethical issues inherent in administration of justice programs?

see attached file pleas write post graduate/doctorate format in a pro American conservative view cite the text chapter in the instructions as well as one bible citation and reference.

The research paper is intended to provide you with the opportunity to more
fully explore the current Fentanyl Crisis, as well as examine it from a more empirical
perspective. This research paper will allow you to develop a more complete understanding of the
drug itself and the danger it has brought into not only our country but our local communities.
The research paper will allow you to develop a more complete understanding of the specific
topical area that you have chosen.

Below I included the requirements of the assignments. You need assignment one to complete this assignment.

Zachary Hall – Week 2
Contains unread posts
Zachary Hall #1
As criminal profiling occurs at the conclusion of both physical and behavioral evidence analysis, criminal profilers play an important role in identifying characteristics and behaviors of violent offenders (Turvey, 2011). Criminal profilers will use the information and evidence collected from the scene, in order to identify specific characteristics of an offender (Turvey, 2011). These characteristics are predictions to assist in the identification of the offender. Predictions can be used to assess if an offender will continue to pose a risk for future crimes, if or when released from jail, prison, mental hospital, etc. [National Research Council (NRC), 1994]. Prediction research focuses primarily on the chances of future crimes being committed by people with certain characteristics (NRC, 1994).
Preventing future crimes comes with uncertainties. One of the uncertainties of prevention of future crimes is offenders who need continual medication(s). Once the offender is released there is no overhead to ensure these offenders continue their medication(s). If a criminal profiler provides insight as to which offenders are more likely to stop their medication(s), future crimes may be prevented (NRC, 1994). However, only becoming aware of these traits or characteristics, the door is only open for the possibility of preventing future crimes (Holmes & Holmes, 1992).
Knowing traits of an offender and physical evidence, at times leads to an offender’s modus operandi (Turvey, 2011). Not only is the profiling of an offender important but identifying the “…characteristics of a particular offender’s victim choices can lead to inferences about…modus operandi…” (Turvey, 2011, pp. 125). The modus operandi used by offender is an indication of who is at risk. Knowing which victims are at most risk and exposure may prevent future crimes as well (Turvey, 2011). 
Preventing future crimes does not mean crimes will stop. It is merely the prevention of future crimes committed by previous offenders. Identifying and understanding specific traits or characteristics of offenders is a team effort (Turvey, 2011). This also gives law enforcement officers the knowledge of who potential offenders are while conducting patrols. Although law enforcement officers are unable to apprehend people before a crime has been committed, law enforcement officers will be able to assist people in getting the help they need before a crime is committed.
References:
Holmes, R.M. & Holmes, S.T. (1992). Understanding mass murder: A starting point. A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice. 56, 53-61.
National, Research Council, et al. (1994). Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. National Academies Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID
Turvey, B.E. (2011). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis. Chapter 5 & 6. http://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu
#2
Before criminal profiling can occur, a crime scene needs to be investigated. Crime scene investigations are at the heart of every crime. Crime scene investigations lead to crime scene analysis. People tend to interpret these as the same thing. However, crime scene analysis is “…the analytical process of interpreting the specific features of a crime and related crime scenes” (Turvey, 2011, pp. 158). Not all crime scenes provide a complete picture of a crime (Turvey, 2011). At times, intuition, or other forms of bias, is used to complete the analysis (Turvey, 2011).
Everyone has bias, whether we know it or not. When biases are present there is only a higher or lower attentiveness of his or her prejudice (Monahan & Polk, n.d.). Biases come in various forms and are used whether we know it or not (Turvey, 2011; Pittaro, 2018). Cultural stereotypes strengthen one’s bias towards certain individuals (Pittaro, 2018). These biases are dangerous when used without logic reasoning and in turn can destroy all efforts of an investigation (Turvey, 2011). Biases, by themselves, have no place throughout the investigation process (Turvey, 2011). Even though they have no place in the process, there is no way of removing all of the biases from out thought process (Turvey, 2011).
Biases are a part of everyday life, weather we realize it or not (Turvey, 2011; Pittaro, 2018). We are only able to mitigate a portion of the biases we hold (Turvey, 2011). Biases can be detrimental to criminal investigations as they may lead to the wrong profile (Turvey, 2011). The only mechanism that criminal profiles can implement with biases, is to more cognizant of their biases.
References:
Monahan, J. & Polk, S. (n.d.). The effect of cultural bias on the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault. Police Chief Magazine. https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/the-effect-of-cultural-bias-on-the-investigation/.
Pittaro, M. (2018). Implicit Bias Within the Criminal Justice System, Psychology Today blog. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-crime-and-justice-doctor/201811/implicit-bias-within-the-criminal-justice-system.
Turvey, B.E. (2011). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis. Chapter 4, 5, & 6. http://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu