Category: Anatomy

RESPOND TO MY PEERS WITH AT LEAST 150 WORDS.
PEER Rylee:
Naming characteristics of muscle 
Biceps brachii 
Location- located in the upper arm.
Action- Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Shape- Biceps refers to its two heads.
Function- primarily responsible for elbow flexion and forearm rotation.
Rectus abdominis
Location- Found in the abdomen, running vertically.
Action- Flexes the trunk during sit ups.
Shape- Rectus indicates its straight alignment.
Function- supports the abdominal wall and assists in posture.
Deltoid 
Location- covers the shoulder joint.
Action- Abducts,flexes, and extends the arm.
Shape- Named after its triangular shape.
Function- Primary muscle for shoulder movement and stabilization.
Soleus 
Location- Calf muscle beneath the larger gastrocnemius.
Action- Plantar Flexes the foot pointing the toes downward.
Shape- Lies deep and flat along the calf.
Function- important for standing, walking and running.
Gluteus Maximus 
Location- Largest muscle of the buttocks.
Action- Extends and laterally rotates the hip.
Shape- Large broad muscles.
Function- Essential for hip extension and maintaining posture.
The axial muscles are primarily involved in movements of the head, neck and trunk which include.
External intercostals
Origin- Lower border of ribs 
Insertion- Upper border of ribs 
Action- Elevates ribs during inspiration 
Innervation- Intercostal nerves
Stenocleidomastoid
Origin- Sternum and clavicle 
Insertion- Mastoid process of temporal bone 
Action- Flexes neck, laterally rotates head
Innervation- Spinal accessory nerve (CN,XI)
Appendicular muscles are those involved in movements of the limbs.
Biceps Femoris
Origin- ischial tuberosity long head, femur short head. 
Insertion- Fibula and tibia
Action- Flexes knee, laterally rotates knee, extends hip.
Innervation- Tibial nerve long head, common peroneal nerve short head 
Similarities and difference in muscle groups contribute to specialized functions 
Upper limbs- muscles like the deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis facilitate intricate movements for manipulation and fine motor control 
Lower limbs- Muscles such as the quadriceps Femoris rectus Femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, hamstrings biceps Femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius are essential for locomotion, weight bearing, and balance.
Understanding these muscles actions, origin, insertion, and innervation aids in appreciating their roles in movement and stability throughout the body. Each muscle group has different functions tailored to the demands of the upper and lower limbs, reflecting the body’s need for both precision and power in various activities. 
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2017). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology(11th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781323754764
Peer Janice:
osterior view of upper back
Lavatories Costarum Breves
Origin: transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle.
Action: Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side.
Synergists: External intercostals, serratus posterior superior, internal intercostals.
Splenius Capitis
Origin: Spinous processes of c7-t3, inferior half of ligamentum nuchae.
Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral third of the superior nuchal line. 
Action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to the same side.
Synergists: Splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicalis, superior portion of the trapezius.
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Superior borders of 2nd-5th ribs distal to the angles.
Action: Elevates the ribs and is a muscle of inspiration.
Synergists: Levatores costarum breves, scalenus.
Longissimus Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 1st-5th thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th-7th cervical vertebrae.
Insertion: the posterior margin of the mastoid process.
Action: Acting bilaterally, extends the head: acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
Synergists: Semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis, longissimus cervicis.
Splenius Cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of 3rd-6th thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: 1st, 2nd ,3rd and sometimes the 4th cervical vertebrae transverse processes on the posterior aspect.
action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the neck to the same.
Synergists: splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, superior portion of trapezius for extension and lateral Flexon.
Reference:
www.bryanedwards.com

Overview
In order to understand the body, you need to know its parts (anatomy) and their functions (physiology), and how they all work together to form the human body. Participate in this discussion activity to begin your exploration into the body systems.
Instructions
Pick your topic! Complete either Option 1 or 2, then ask one clarifying question.
Option 1:
Discovering the Human Body Through Anatomical Regions 
Create a detailed visual drawing of the human body in both anterior and posterior views, clearly labeling ten anatomical regions on each view using precise anatomical terminology.
• Submit a scanned or photographed image of your labeled drawings and accompany them with a short (1-3 minute) video recording in which you proficiently articulate the correct pronunciation of each anatomical term. If necessary, utilizesupplementary resources to ensure accuratepronunciation before recording your video.  
• This assignment will help to develop your understanding of anatomical terminology and proficiency in recognizing anatomical landmarks. 
• After reading the chapter, notes, and watching all the videos in the module, in your initial post, ask your peers 1 clarifying question about what you have not understood in this module. Be specific with the questions. 
• In your 2 reply posts please try and answer your instructor’s or your classmates’ clarifying questions.

Stem cells are immature cells that develop into mature, differentiated cells that make up the adult body.  Embryonic cells are especially good sources of stem cells. The early embryo is simply a ball of cells and each of these cells can potentially become any cell in the body – a muscle cell, a nerve cell, or a pancreatic cell, for example. The use of stem cells from aborted embryos or frozen embryos left over from fertility procedures is controversial. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are debilitating neurological disorders that people fear. It is possible that one day these disorders could be cured by supplying the patient with new nerve cells in a critical area of the brain.
There are other possible sources of stem cells. These include blood stem cells, neural stem cells in the brain, etc.  A possible source of blood stem cells is a baby’s umbilical cord and it is now possible to store umbilical blood for future use.  Once researchers have the know-how, it may be possible to use any type of stem cell to cure many of the afflicting human beings.
You Decide:
1. Should researchers have access to embryonic stem cells? Is there any source or just certain sources? Which sources and why?
2. Should an individual have access to stem cells from just his own body? Also from a relative’s body? Also from a child’s umbilical cord? From embryonic cells?
3. Should differentiate cells from whatever source eventually be available for sale to patients who need them? After all, you are now able to buy artificial parts, why not living parts?

Introduction to the disease and the organ system (history, signs, symptoms, epidemiology etc.)
Discussion of the normal anatomy and physiology of the organ system involved (cell and tissue populations involved, organs, primary functions, connections to other body systems)
Discussion of the changes to the anatomy and physiology as a result of the disease (pathophysiology)
Discussion of treatment/prevention options
3 primary and at least 2 secondary scholarly sources
The disease must be for one of the organ systems covered in this term listed in the syllabus. Select a disease from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data for the disease.

write a critical analysis of the disease. 
History of the disease / Demographic Data: Age, sex, race, distribution in population
Name of disease
▪ History of the disease / Demographic Data: Age, sex, race, distribution in population
▪ Description of disease
▪ Anatomy of the system(s) involved
▪ Effects on other body systems
▪ Cause of disease
▪ Signs and symptoms
▪ Diagnosis of the disease
▪ Complications, if any
▪ on other body system   
Treatment options
Conclusion should include the following:
▪ Brief mention of current or proposed research that may significantly impact the
▪ disease.
▪ Prevention strategies if any
▪ Your insight / opinion
4 written pages and 1 refrence page 
4 writteoptions Your insight / opinion option Brief mention of current or proposed research that may significantly impact t disease. Prevention strategies if aYour insight / opinion options
Conclusion should include the following:
▪ Brief mention of current or proposed research that may significantly impact the
▪ disease.
▪ Prevention strategies if any
▪ Your insight / opinion of dise Signs and symptoDiagnosis of the dis Complications, if aDemographic Data: Age, sex, race, distribution in population of the disease / Demographic Data: Age, sex, race, distribution in population of diseaseysi of the disease a a critical analysis of the disease  o

Your paper should include the underlined items below as section headings.
APA 7th edition Title page:
This is a separate page by itself, with the following information centered in the middle of the page: course title, paper title, student’s name, instructor’s name, and date.
Description of Pathology:
Start the paper on a new page.
In this section, you will describe the pathology (statistics about it, background information, etc.). Give as much information as you can about it but be sure it is relevant information and not just filler. It should be a comprehensive introductory section of the condition in one to two paragraphs.
Normal anatomy of the major body system affected: In this section, you will describe what is considered normal anatomy for your particular pathophysiology. For example, if you are discussing a disease related to the brain, explain what is normal for the brain from an anatomical standpoint. You should show comprehensive knowledge of the fundamental concepts and communicate information using scientific vocabulary. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section.
Normal physiology of the major body system affected: In this section, you will be discussing physiology. Keep in mind that when describing physiology, it isn’t enough to merely provide a list of functions of the body system (Ex: Neurons send signals throughout the body), instead, you need to be able to describe how it does it. The how is the physiology. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section
Mechanism of Pathophysiology: This section is likely going to be the most in-depth and longest section. In this section, you will explain your particular pathophysiology from a scientific standpoint. In the previous two sections, you explained what is considered normal, in this section, you should describe what the pathophysiology is doing that is causing these issues, how the normal anatomy & physiology is affected/different in a person with your condition. You should show a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physiological changes contributing to the disease. Some good keywords to search for when doing your research might be “Pathology of __________”, Pathophysiology of __________.”
Prevention: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology could be prevented. This should outline possible prevention protocols, or clearly indicate if none is available based on the current scientific literature.
Treatment: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology is commonly treated. Provide possible treatment protocols for the condition based on current scientific literature. Be sure to bring in nursing relevant information and how you might be involved in the treatment of the condition.
Conclusion: Finally you should summarize your findings. All good research papers should include a conclusion where you wrap up and summarize all of the important points made in your paper.
References:
As with the Title page, this should be a separate page by itself.
All references should be included in correct and complete APA format.
All references must be cited appropriately in the paper using APA-style in-text citations.
A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignment.
Requirements for Topic, Length, & Submission
The length requirement for this paper is between 4-6 full pages of content, double-spaced – this does not include the Title page and the Reference page (both on separate pages) that do not contribute to page count. Use of images/tables/diagrams will not count for total page number either.
Students will be assigned individual topics related to physiology and pathological conditions of physiological systems by their instructor. You must write your paper based on your assigned topic. 
Students must write on the topic assigned, or the submission will earn a grade of zero. Students are responsible for checking uploaded submissions for the correct version. No resubmissions are allowed after the due date. Turnitin similarity indexes must be below 25%.
Your paper must be submitted as a PDF (.pdf) or Word document (.doc or .docx). These are the only file types that will be accepted.
Assignment Checklist
Checkbox Sections & Criteria
Title page
Description of Pathology
The body of the paper should include the following sections:
Normal Anatomy of the body system
Normal Physiology of the body system
Mechanism of Pathology
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
Reference page
Between 4-6 full pages of content, double-spaced –  Title page and the Reference page (both on separate pages)  do NOT contribute to page count. Use of images/tables/diagrams will not count for total page number either. 
Be sure to include in-text citations where appropriate. You should have a minimum of one in-text for every final reference you have listed. 
A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignment. 
All sources need to be cited properly in APA format – in-text citations and references
Times New Roman, 12 pt. font

For this assignment you will select one of the systems that we covered in class:
Respiratory System
Phonatory System
Articulation System
Auditory System
You will act as a tour guide who must bring a tour group through the system. You and your group have shrunken down to fit into the human body. You must take your group through the system that you select, and point out the highlights, important structures and functions of those structures. Give your group some “inside information” about the system and some fun facts about what they will see and how the system works. 
You should submit a 2-3 page paper that includes the following:
1) Your name
2) The name of your tour company
3) The system you have selected
4)  The mode in which you will take your group through the system (i.e. walking, tram, etc.)
5) Your script as a Tour Guide. Include all of the details that you will share with your tour group. Make it entertaining and fun.