Category: Anatomy

Tissues are a group of similar cells that perform specific body functions. There are four primary tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. These different tissue types work together to form organs and affect the structure and function of the organs they create as well as the organ systems and the human body as a whole. Damage to the tissue can thus affect the functioning of the individual tissue as well as the higher levels of organization. Aging of the tissues can also affect their structural integrity and functioning as well.
Instructions:
Pick a type of tissue as the focus of your discussion.
For example, connective tissue consists of bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and others. Pick one of the types of connective tissue rather than the entire group.
Try to pick a type unique from your peers.
Discuss changes that can occur to this tissue type from damage to the tissue or aging of the tissue. Be specific with the changes that could occur and explain any mechanisms involved with damage or aging of the tissue.
Discuss the outcomes of damage or aging of this type of tissue. Does regeneration or repair of this tissue normally occur? Why or Why not? Relate your thought on this to the tissue’s characteristics.
Based on what you know of this tissue type predict if the integrity of the tissue will be maintained after the damage or aging of the tissue? Be specific and explain your position.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

Explain the anatomical concepts associated with the nervous system. Summarize this module’s key points in 5-6 sentences.  
Explain the physiological concepts associated with the nervous system. Summarize this module’s key points in 5-6 sentences.  
How will you apply the concepts you have learned about the nervous system in real life and in your future career? 
Which topic within this module has been the most valuable to your learning experience and why? 
Which topic(s) within this module did you struggle to understand and why? 
(Optional) Do you have any suggestions for your instructor on how they could help you connect with the difficult topics you’ve noted? 

Discussion Board: Muscular System
Instructions
Muscles in Motion:
Imagine you are a personal trainer designing an exercise program for a client who wants to improve their overall muscle strength and endurance.
• Choose one muscle group (e.g., quadriceps, biceps, etc.) and describe a series of exercises that target that muscle group.
• In your response, explain the function of each exercise and how it specifically targets the muscles in that group.
• Name the prime mover (agonist) muscle in the group and describe the origin, insertion, and action of the muscle. Then list one synergist and one antagonist muscle.
• Reflect on the importance of muscle strength and endurance in overall health and wellness, and how your exercise plan can help your client achieve their fitness goals.
• Be sure to use your own words and avoid simply copying and pasting information from external sources. Instead, draw on your understanding of anatomy and physiology to craft a unique and personalized exercise plan that is tailored to your client’s needs.
• After reading the chapter, notes, and watching all the videos in the module, in your initial post, ask your peers 1 clarifying question about what you have not understood in this module. Be specific with the questions.
• In your 2 reply posts please try and answer your instructor’s or your classmates’ clarifying questions.

The Heart
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
Explain the significance of the thickness of the left ventricular wall.
The major coronary vessels are on the surface of the heart. What is the advantage of that location?
Since the SA node is at the top of the atrial mass, the atria contract from the top down. How does this increase the efficiency of atrial contraction? Do the ventricles have a similar arrangement? If so, how does it work?
What is the purpose of prolonged contraction of the myocardium?

Please log in my pearson account, and do assignments
Chapter 1 ( 41 questions )
Chapter 2 (53 questions )
Chapter 3 ( 42 questions )
this has to be done by May 14
each chapter will cost 13$ meaning this order total will be 39$.
link to pearson : https://mlm.pearson.com/enrollment/bidot39897
see the files attached below with all the information!

Response must be at least 300 words and response to peer must be at least 150 words.
Vertebral Column
Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about bone, joints, and vertebrae. Based on your research and understanding, respond to the following:
Analyze the bone markings of the vertebrae and distinguish among the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
Evaluate the six diarthrotic joints including the movement seen in each joint and provide examples of each.
Evaluate synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints detailing the type of movement and location of each. Provide several examples for each joint.
Categorize three different joints found within the vertebrae, including the bone markings of each bone and the movements produced by those joints.
Peer to respond:
Peer Anthony…
Analyze the bone markings of the vertebrae and distinguish among the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
1. Cervical Vertebrae:
– Transverse Foramen: Present in all cervical vertebrae except C7, these foramina allow the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins.
– Bifid Spinous Process : The spinous process typically splits into two prongs, providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
– Small Body: Cervical vertebrae have relatively small and oval-shaped bodies.
– Vertebral Foramen: Larger in size compared to other regions of the spine to accommodate the cervical spinal cord.
2.Thoracic Vertebrae:
– Costal Facets: Located on the sides of the vertebral body and transverse processes, these facets articulate with the heads of ribs, contributing to the structure of the rib cage.
– Long Spinous Processes: These processes project posteriorly and inferiorly, overlapping the vertebra below, aiding in muscle attachment and providing stability to the thoracic spine.
– Demifacets
Evaluate the six diarthrotic joints including the movement seen in each joint and provide examples of each.
1.evaluation of the six diarthrotic joints, along with their movements and examples:
1. Hinge Joint:
– Movement: Flexion and extension occur along one plane.
– Example: Elbow joint (ulnohumeral joint), allowing bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of the arm.
2. Ball and Socket Joint:
– Movement: Offers a wide range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
– Example: Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint), facilitating movements in multiple directions such as raising the arm overhead and rotating it.
3. Pivot Joint:
– Movement: Allows rotation around a central axis.
– Example: Atlantoaxial joint between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae, enabling rotation of the head from side to side.
4. Saddle Joint:
– Movement: Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
– Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, facilitating a wide range of movements essential for grasping and manipulating objects.
5. Gliding Joint:
– Movement: Enables sliding or gliding movements in various directions.
– Example: Intercarpal joints of the wrist, allowing smooth movements during wrist flexion, extension, and side-to-side motion.
6. Condyloid Joint (Ellipsoidal Joint):
– Movement: Provides flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, but without rotation.
– Example: Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, facilitating movements such as bending the wrist forward and backward, as well as side-to-side motions.
These examples illustrate the diverse range of movements enabled by diarthrotic joints, crucial for various activities and functions in the human body.
Here are three different joints found within the vertebrae, along with their bone markings and movements:
Intervertebral Discs (Amphiarthrotic Joint)
– Bone Markings: Located between adjacent vertebral bodies, composed of fibrocartilage.
– Movement: Allows for limited movement between vertebrae, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and limited rotation.
– Function: Absorb shock, provide flexibility, and facilitate movement between vertebral bodies.

RESPOND TO MY PEERS WITH AT LEAST 150 WORDS.
PEER Rylee:
Naming characteristics of muscle 
Biceps brachii 
Location- located in the upper arm.
Action- Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Shape- Biceps refers to its two heads.
Function- primarily responsible for elbow flexion and forearm rotation.
Rectus abdominis
Location- Found in the abdomen, running vertically.
Action- Flexes the trunk during sit ups.
Shape- Rectus indicates its straight alignment.
Function- supports the abdominal wall and assists in posture.
Deltoid 
Location- covers the shoulder joint.
Action- Abducts,flexes, and extends the arm.
Shape- Named after its triangular shape.
Function- Primary muscle for shoulder movement and stabilization.
Soleus 
Location- Calf muscle beneath the larger gastrocnemius.
Action- Plantar Flexes the foot pointing the toes downward.
Shape- Lies deep and flat along the calf.
Function- important for standing, walking and running.
Gluteus Maximus 
Location- Largest muscle of the buttocks.
Action- Extends and laterally rotates the hip.
Shape- Large broad muscles.
Function- Essential for hip extension and maintaining posture.
The axial muscles are primarily involved in movements of the head, neck and trunk which include.
External intercostals
Origin- Lower border of ribs 
Insertion- Upper border of ribs 
Action- Elevates ribs during inspiration 
Innervation- Intercostal nerves
Stenocleidomastoid
Origin- Sternum and clavicle 
Insertion- Mastoid process of temporal bone 
Action- Flexes neck, laterally rotates head
Innervation- Spinal accessory nerve (CN,XI)
Appendicular muscles are those involved in movements of the limbs.
Biceps Femoris
Origin- ischial tuberosity long head, femur short head. 
Insertion- Fibula and tibia
Action- Flexes knee, laterally rotates knee, extends hip.
Innervation- Tibial nerve long head, common peroneal nerve short head 
Similarities and difference in muscle groups contribute to specialized functions 
Upper limbs- muscles like the deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis facilitate intricate movements for manipulation and fine motor control 
Lower limbs- Muscles such as the quadriceps Femoris rectus Femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, hamstrings biceps Femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius are essential for locomotion, weight bearing, and balance.
Understanding these muscles actions, origin, insertion, and innervation aids in appreciating their roles in movement and stability throughout the body. Each muscle group has different functions tailored to the demands of the upper and lower limbs, reflecting the body’s need for both precision and power in various activities. 
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2017). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology(11th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781323754764
Peer Janice:
osterior view of upper back
Lavatories Costarum Breves
Origin: transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle.
Action: Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side.
Synergists: External intercostals, serratus posterior superior, internal intercostals.
Splenius Capitis
Origin: Spinous processes of c7-t3, inferior half of ligamentum nuchae.
Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral third of the superior nuchal line. 
Action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to the same side.
Synergists: Splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicalis, superior portion of the trapezius.
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Superior borders of 2nd-5th ribs distal to the angles.
Action: Elevates the ribs and is a muscle of inspiration.
Synergists: Levatores costarum breves, scalenus.
Longissimus Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 1st-5th thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th-7th cervical vertebrae.
Insertion: the posterior margin of the mastoid process.
Action: Acting bilaterally, extends the head: acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
Synergists: Semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis, longissimus cervicis.
Splenius Cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of 3rd-6th thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: 1st, 2nd ,3rd and sometimes the 4th cervical vertebrae transverse processes on the posterior aspect.
action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the neck to the same.
Synergists: splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, superior portion of trapezius for extension and lateral Flexon.
Reference:
www.bryanedwards.com

Overview
In order to understand the body, you need to know its parts (anatomy) and their functions (physiology), and how they all work together to form the human body. Participate in this discussion activity to begin your exploration into the body systems.
Instructions
Pick your topic! Complete either Option 1 or 2, then ask one clarifying question.
Option 1:
Discovering the Human Body Through Anatomical Regions 
Create a detailed visual drawing of the human body in both anterior and posterior views, clearly labeling ten anatomical regions on each view using precise anatomical terminology.
• Submit a scanned or photographed image of your labeled drawings and accompany them with a short (1-3 minute) video recording in which you proficiently articulate the correct pronunciation of each anatomical term. If necessary, utilizesupplementary resources to ensure accuratepronunciation before recording your video.  
• This assignment will help to develop your understanding of anatomical terminology and proficiency in recognizing anatomical landmarks. 
• After reading the chapter, notes, and watching all the videos in the module, in your initial post, ask your peers 1 clarifying question about what you have not understood in this module. Be specific with the questions. 
• In your 2 reply posts please try and answer your instructor’s or your classmates’ clarifying questions.

Stem cells are immature cells that develop into mature, differentiated cells that make up the adult body.  Embryonic cells are especially good sources of stem cells. The early embryo is simply a ball of cells and each of these cells can potentially become any cell in the body – a muscle cell, a nerve cell, or a pancreatic cell, for example. The use of stem cells from aborted embryos or frozen embryos left over from fertility procedures is controversial. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are debilitating neurological disorders that people fear. It is possible that one day these disorders could be cured by supplying the patient with new nerve cells in a critical area of the brain.
There are other possible sources of stem cells. These include blood stem cells, neural stem cells in the brain, etc.  A possible source of blood stem cells is a baby’s umbilical cord and it is now possible to store umbilical blood for future use.  Once researchers have the know-how, it may be possible to use any type of stem cell to cure many of the afflicting human beings.
You Decide:
1. Should researchers have access to embryonic stem cells? Is there any source or just certain sources? Which sources and why?
2. Should an individual have access to stem cells from just his own body? Also from a relative’s body? Also from a child’s umbilical cord? From embryonic cells?
3. Should differentiate cells from whatever source eventually be available for sale to patients who need them? After all, you are now able to buy artificial parts, why not living parts?

Introduction to the disease and the organ system (history, signs, symptoms, epidemiology etc.)
Discussion of the normal anatomy and physiology of the organ system involved (cell and tissue populations involved, organs, primary functions, connections to other body systems)
Discussion of the changes to the anatomy and physiology as a result of the disease (pathophysiology)
Discussion of treatment/prevention options
3 primary and at least 2 secondary scholarly sources
The disease must be for one of the organ systems covered in this term listed in the syllabus. Select a disease from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data for the disease.