Category: Anatomy

You will write a lab report describing the hypothesis, methods, and conclusions from this lab experience.
By completing the lab report, you will demonstrate your ability to do the following:
Describe the lab’s overall objective and make a hypothesis.
Introduce relevant background knowledge on the topic.
Summarize the steps taken in the lab simulation.
Explain any obtained results.
Discuss the conclusions and implications.
A well-written lab report demonstrates the researchers’ understanding of the concepts behind the data collected. Knowing the purpose behind the basic components of a lab report will assist you in organizing your ideas clearly and expressing your thoughts coherently. The following list is an example of a common lab report organizational structure:
Hypothesis
Background and Theory
Methods and Data Collection
Results and Observations
Discussion, Conclusions, and Implications

-Disease name, why or who it was named for
-Discovery, history
-Causes
-Symptoms
-Age most likely to occur or present
-Treatment (may be natural, lifestyle, dietary, medical, or clinical)
-Epidemiology, rate of incidence
-Prognosis
-Other interesting, pertinent information

Work in groups of minimum three and maximum four members. Reports from groups of more than four members will not be accepted.
Use accurate and credible resources only.
Your report has to be of three pages exactly, references and cover pages Excluded.
References have to be incorporated into the text using the Vancouver style (or another style).
A full list of the references using the Vancouver style (or another appropriate style) is required at the end of the report. The references have to be incorporated in the text as numbers. A list of all references has to be added at the end of the report under the section “References” (for more information about the Harvard referencing style, check the following link http://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/c.php?g=380288&p=2575722 ).
Font “Times New Roman 12”, line spacing = 1.5, only titles can be in Bold and/or Italic.
All reports should be submitted on the Blackboard only. Please do not send it by email.
Avoid plagiarism!
Before we head off of for the Eid Holiday, I wanted to remind you of the HAP II writing assignment so that you may plan ahead. As mentioned previously during the first lecture, the details of the assignment are posted on Blackboard. I am also including them here in this announcement. The due date for submission is Thursday 27 June 2024. You will be working in groups of 3 or 4 (max). If you prefer to do it by yourself without a group that is also OK. Submission is on Blackboard – I have created a submission portal on blackboard. Submissions by email will NOT be accepted. Only one group member should submit the assignment on behalf of the rest of the group. Your names and IDs should be written on the first page.
Details of the assignment:
Using accurate resources and references, choose one disease related to one of the topics covered in “Human Anatomy & Physiology II” (Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Endocrine, and Reproductive systems), and explain its pathophysiology including examples of cause(s), manifestation(s), diagnostic test(s) and treatment(s).

The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure the survival of the species. Other systems in the body, such as the endocrine and urinary systems, work continuously to maintain homeostasis for the survival of the individual. An individual may live a long, healthy, and happy life without producing offspring, but if the species is to continue, at least some individuals must produce offspring.
Main post: Create a well-written and well-researched discussion essay post using online or library research, adding citations, ( avoid copy and paste), for each question. Your main post must be at least 250-300 words long.
Answer all questions in detail, using substantive information to add knowledge for all. 
Add Citations. ( No copy and paste) 
Reflect on the differences between male and female reproductive systems and what hormones give them the differences in the characteristics of being a male or a female.
Follow the path of ejaculated sperm from the vagina to the oocyte. Include all structures of the female reproductive tract that the sperm must swim through to reach the egg.
Why are feminists and social justice activists concerned about embryo cloning? How does this relate to the large market for human eggs? How does this relate to “designer babies?” 
Describe one of the most common conditions presented by each system, its signs and symptoms, and how is diagnosed and treated.
What steps do you take to look after your system? 

Your nervous system is a network of access roads that feed into bigger roads, which eventually connect to the interstate. Using this analogy, the access roads are the nerves that serve the muscles and the extremities, while the interstate is the spine.
If your nervous system is working optimally, the “road network” can transport messages to and from the brain without making any mistakes. The messages always reach the right destination, and neither the brain nor the extremities ever send the wrong messages.
Main post: Create a well-written and well-researched discussion essay post using online or library research, adding citations, ( avoid copy and paste), for each question. Your main post must be at least 250-300 words long.
How does stress affect your nervous system and what are its consequences?
Why does Stress management play a crucial in protecting our central nervous system?
How is CVA associated with paralysis and other consequences? How is it diagnosed and treated?
What steps do you take to look after your nervous system? 

Topic – Cancer Myths
There are many “myths” about what causes cancer.  Some of them include e-cigarettes, grilling meat, bacon, red wine, coffee, cell phones, microwaves, sugar, fake sugar, WiFi, power line discharge, deodorant, hair dye, and alcohol.  
Pick one of the myths listed above and consider your initial gut reaction. Do you think it causes cancer using only the knowledge and experiences you currently have?  Then find data that supports whether the myth you choose actually causes cancer or not.   You’ll want to include topics that we’ve talked about:  cell division, DNA replication, cells, and cancer itself.   Think about what cancer is in terms of cells and cell processes.  Can you show how your “myth” disrupts normal processes?  If not, can you show how the myth is false?
It’s vitally important with this topic that you find credible sources and real experimental published studies, not consumer websites.
Check out this video on a few of the Cancer Myths:
SciShow, 2016.  6 Common Misconceptions About Cancer.
Requirements:
Your initial post is due in 48 hours and should follow the rubric.  Click on the three periods above the right and choose show rubric.  Items to be sure you include are research information from your textbook, the module, or an appropriate outside source, properly referenced with a citation.  Be sure you are addressing the actual topic, very rarely is a definition-style answer appropriate.  We want to know your thoughts, based on the research you have done, not copy/pasted from the internet. 
Your initial post must contain at least one reputable source other than your textbook or those listed above.
You must respond to at least 3 students.  Your responses to other students must be more substantial than how much you agree/disagree or like/dislike their posts.  It must address THEIR post, not yours.  It must add new relevant information to the discussion and integrate multiple views or outside sources (with citations).  You will not be able to see their responses until you post your own.
Citations (required in all posts) – Any quoted or paraphrased material must follow APA guidelines for inline citations and Works Cited. Just a web address is not a proper citation. 
Reply

Paragraph 1: Describe a connective tissue disease or disorder ( Lupus, Marian syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) 
Paragraph 2: Describe the causes and risk factors for the disease/disorder 
Paragraph 3: describe treatment options for the disease.
Each post must be 200 words 
Must include proper grammar and scientific terminology 
Must use reliable resources to retrieve information 
Must provide citation 
Must avoid copying/pasting information 
May not use AI 

Hepatitis BEtiology
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease acquired from the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. This virus has a pyrimidine-containing partially double-stranded DNA genome; it also has a nucleocapsid core and a lipid envelope housing crucial antigens that aid in detecting and advancing the disease. HBV is transmitted mainly through exposure to infectious body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions; hence the main modes of transmission are through sexual practices, sharing of needles, and from mother to child (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). The pathophysiology of the disease reflects the virus infection and its outcome on the host immune system, which inflicts injury to the liver tissue and its inflammation, which may lead to cirrhosis and HCC.
Epidemiology
Hepatitis B is also a significant health issue that affects millions of people across the world, particularly in developing nations. It is estimated that about one-third of the world’s population has been infected with HBV, and 250-350 million worldwide are chronically infected. Chronic HBV infection incidence is not constant in all regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, and the Pacific Islands, where the rates rise to 20% (Conners et al., 2023). Currently, in the United States of America, new cases of acute HBV are significantly reducing due to vaccination. Yet, around 2 million people are suffering from chronic hepatitis B (SHB), particularly foreign-born individuals coming from highly endemic countries (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Some of the other risk factors associated with infection with HBV are multiple sexual partners, use of infected needles, or direct exposure to blood at the workplace.
Clinical Features
The symptoms of hepatitis B vary from mild to severe and include jaundice, anorexia, nausea, weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, fever, chills, and dark urine. Most people get acute HBV infection, which can have symptoms or be asymptomatic; symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark urine (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). In some circumstances, acute liver failure can be an outcome of the disease. HBV infection can be safe for years with few or no symptoms and may progress to cirrhosis or HCC. Chronic hepatitis B is usually classified into three phases depending on viral replication and the liver enzyme levels of the patients, namely, the immune-tolerated phase, the immune-reactive phase, and the inactive phase. The immune-active phase is especially troublesome since there are higher rates of liver inflammation and disease progression to cirrhosis and HCC.
Diagnosis
The routine tests used to diagnose hepatitis B include serology, biochemical, and imaging. The key serological markers for the hepatitis B virus include hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and antibodies for these antigens: anti-HBs and anti-HBe (Conners et al., 2023). HBsAg is present during an acute HBV infection, while anti-HBs are present when the persons have been infected or received the hepatitis B vaccine. Some of the biochemical tests used to check liver function include Serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, Bilirubin levels, and Albumin levels (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Diagnostic procedures like abdominal ultrasound and MRI can be used to assess the degree of liver injury and diagnose complications like cirrhosis or HCC. Liver biopsies may be done in order to determine the severity of the liver disease in patients with chronic HBV infection (Pyrsopoulos, 2022).
Complementary Exams
Complementary exams for hepatitis B are integrated with advanced imaging techniques to evaluate liver function and disease progression. Liver biopsy is replaced by FibroScan, an invasive free method that determines the stiffness of the liver to evaluate fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with HBV (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Further, the known photoelasticity method, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), depicts the intensity of the fibers and signs of early fibrosis in the liver. These tests are essential when caring for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection since they can predict treatment and possible outcomes. Monitoring HBV DNA levels in patients regularly to assess antiviral response and resistance development is also pivotal.
Treatments
The main aims of hepatitis B treatment are to halt the disease progression, suppress virus replication, and decrease the risk of developing cirrhosis and HCC. Lifestyle change and antiviral therapy are some accepted approaches to treating the illness. Standard agents, which include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, entecavir, and pegylated interferon-alpha, have been observed to have a high efficiency in the reduction of HBV DNA and improvement of the liver (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Also, it is documented that for patients with decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplantation is the only curative approach. Additionally, there are counsels like sticking to low-sodium products and not consuming any alcohol to minimize liver injury and aspire for an enhanced standard of health (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). The guidelines of appropriate and efficient antiviral treatments and follow-up can make chronic HBV infection control easier.
References
Conners, E. E., Panagiotakopoulos, L., Hofmeister, M. G., Spradling, P. R., Hagan, L. M., Harris, A. M., Rogers-Brown, J. S., Wester, C., Nelson, N. P., Rapposelli, K., Sandul, A. L., Choi, E., Coffin, C., Marks, K., Thomas, D. L., & Wang, S. H. (2023). Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations — United States, 2023. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports, 72(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7201a1
Pyrsopoulos, N. M. (2022, October 20). Hepatitis B. Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology.https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-overview?form=fpf#showall ( Do a PowerPoint )

Module 01: Themes of A&P, Cell, Chemistry, Tissues and skin
Answer with explanations to show your understanding of the material covered in Unit 1. Use appropriate science language and clear explanation using complete, well-constructed sentences. Remember to explain, show off the knowledge you have accumulated, and put in some writing effort (this is a high stake- 30 points assignment). Each question is graded based on this rubric: 
0-5 
points for correct content, critical thinking and application of knowledge/concepts. 
0-3 
points for correct grammar 
0-2 
points for citations (valid sources, including your textbook!- mention page numbers if using the book; and make sure I can access the resource you cite)
Most of you have seen oak leaves fall on driveways and on streets when fall arrives. These pigments form the leaves leave stains behind when blown away. Oak leaves also contain the water-soluble poison tannin. If you rubbed your skin with oak leaves very little is likely to happen to your skin. Why should it not poison you through the skin?  
2. When an inappropriate amino acid is substituted in place of another, as occurs in certain genetic disorders, the resulting protein is either poorly functional or non-functional. Since proteins contain hundreds if not thousands of amino acids, why should the change of a single amino acid be so critical? 
3. How would you prove (or explain) to someone that plants are living beings? 
book name 
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and FunctionKenneth Saladin, 10e
Practice Atlas for Anatomy & PhysiologyMcGraw Hill, 1e

Respond to the following questions:
The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.
Why does maintaining fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal, healthy adult under age 40?
Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?
Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response.
Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes.