Hepatitis BEtiology
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease acquired from the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. This virus has a pyrimidine-containing partially double-stranded DNA genome; it also has a nucleocapsid core and a lipid envelope housing crucial antigens that aid in detecting and advancing the disease. HBV is transmitted mainly through exposure to infectious body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions; hence the main modes of transmission are through sexual practices, sharing of needles, and from mother to child (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). The pathophysiology of the disease reflects the virus infection and its outcome on the host immune system, which inflicts injury to the liver tissue and its inflammation, which may lead to cirrhosis and HCC.
Epidemiology
Hepatitis B is also a significant health issue that affects millions of people across the world, particularly in developing nations. It is estimated that about one-third of the world’s population has been infected with HBV, and 250-350 million worldwide are chronically infected. Chronic HBV infection incidence is not constant in all regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, and the Pacific Islands, where the rates rise to 20% (Conners et al., 2023). Currently, in the United States of America, new cases of acute HBV are significantly reducing due to vaccination. Yet, around 2 million people are suffering from chronic hepatitis B (SHB), particularly foreign-born individuals coming from highly endemic countries (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Some of the other risk factors associated with infection with HBV are multiple sexual partners, use of infected needles, or direct exposure to blood at the workplace.
Clinical Features
The symptoms of hepatitis B vary from mild to severe and include jaundice, anorexia, nausea, weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, fever, chills, and dark urine. Most people get acute HBV infection, which can have symptoms or be asymptomatic; symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark urine (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). In some circumstances, acute liver failure can be an outcome of the disease. HBV infection can be safe for years with few or no symptoms and may progress to cirrhosis or HCC. Chronic hepatitis B is usually classified into three phases depending on viral replication and the liver enzyme levels of the patients, namely, the immune-tolerated phase, the immune-reactive phase, and the inactive phase. The immune-active phase is especially troublesome since there are higher rates of liver inflammation and disease progression to cirrhosis and HCC.
Diagnosis
The routine tests used to diagnose hepatitis B include serology, biochemical, and imaging. The key serological markers for the hepatitis B virus include hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and antibodies for these antigens: anti-HBs and anti-HBe (Conners et al., 2023). HBsAg is present during an acute HBV infection, while anti-HBs are present when the persons have been infected or received the hepatitis B vaccine. Some of the biochemical tests used to check liver function include Serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, Bilirubin levels, and Albumin levels (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Diagnostic procedures like abdominal ultrasound and MRI can be used to assess the degree of liver injury and diagnose complications like cirrhosis or HCC. Liver biopsies may be done in order to determine the severity of the liver disease in patients with chronic HBV infection (Pyrsopoulos, 2022).
Complementary Exams
Complementary exams for hepatitis B are integrated with advanced imaging techniques to evaluate liver function and disease progression. Liver biopsy is replaced by FibroScan, an invasive free method that determines the stiffness of the liver to evaluate fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with HBV (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Further, the known photoelasticity method, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), depicts the intensity of the fibers and signs of early fibrosis in the liver. These tests are essential when caring for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection since they can predict treatment and possible outcomes. Monitoring HBV DNA levels in patients regularly to assess antiviral response and resistance development is also pivotal.
Treatments
The main aims of hepatitis B treatment are to halt the disease progression, suppress virus replication, and decrease the risk of developing cirrhosis and HCC. Lifestyle change and antiviral therapy are some accepted approaches to treating the illness. Standard agents, which include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, entecavir, and pegylated interferon-alpha, have been observed to have a high efficiency in the reduction of HBV DNA and improvement of the liver (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). Also, it is documented that for patients with decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplantation is the only curative approach. Additionally, there are counsels like sticking to low-sodium products and not consuming any alcohol to minimize liver injury and aspire for an enhanced standard of health (Pyrsopoulos, 2022). The guidelines of appropriate and efficient antiviral treatments and follow-up can make chronic HBV infection control easier.
References
Conners, E. E., Panagiotakopoulos, L., Hofmeister, M. G., Spradling, P. R., Hagan, L. M., Harris, A. M., Rogers-Brown, J. S., Wester, C., Nelson, N. P., Rapposelli, K., Sandul, A. L., Choi, E., Coffin, C., Marks, K., Thomas, D. L., & Wang, S. H. (2023). Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations — United States, 2023. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports, 72(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7201a1
Pyrsopoulos, N. M. (2022, October 20). Hepatitis B. Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology.https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-overview?form=fpf#showall ( Do a PowerPoint )
Author: admin
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“Understanding the Etiology and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B” Title: Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Strategies and Considerations
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Title: The Power of Literacy: A Journey of Growth and Transformation Introduction: The video, “The Power of Literacy,” showcases the inspiring story of a man’s journey towards literacy and the impact it had on his life. Through his
Access the link to watch the following video, The Power of Literacy. You will need to watch it a couple of times to see how the gentleman featured in the video grew in his literacy development and his motivation for learning to read. How did this impact his ability to communicate not only with his family, but society in general?
I have used this video over a dozen times in class and I still get chill bumps every time I watch! Enjoy!
In a one page document, analyze where the Nine Guiding Principles for Literacy (Corwin Text, Figure 4.2, page 55) are supported in this video.
Identify five or more principles and pull examples from the video that support those guiding principles.
Be creative with your response by composing an Infographic that supports these guiding principles. -
“Utilizing CRISP-DM to Develop a Comprehensive Business Proposal: Integrating Data and Modeling for Optimal Results”
Content
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30 to >26 pts
Advanced
The introduction is succinct and embodies the project’s primary objectives and outcomes. The introduction constructs the purpose of the business proposal. A compelling and justifiable conclusion is developed.
Content
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15 to >13 pts
Advanced
Data is described in detail, providing explanations, characteristics, issues, and concerns of validity. The data is understood in a holistic manner and is relevant to the business problem being investigated.
Content
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30 to >26 pts
Advanced
There is a comprehensive explanation of processes, actions, and decisions taken on the data to ensure the highest degree of integrity possible for modeling steps. The assignment describes or illustrates issues to ensure clarity for the audience. At least 3 relevant images augment the report. The submission includes at least 8 scholarly sources and 5 pages and is defensible.
Content
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30 to >26 pts
Advanced
Model and steps are taken to integrate data to ensure a repeatable demonstrable process. The assignment clearly articulates preparation, selection, optimization, and implementation of model(s) chosen and clearly explains results as well as plans on how data was utilized. The chosen model is supported by 3 or more scholarly sources.
Structure
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45 to >39 pts
Advanced
Current APA style is used (title page, margins, citations, organization, resources page, and page numbering). Proper grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization are used. CRISP-DM is firmly followed. -
Title: Personal Financial Planning and Career Goals
Please also look at attachments (this has two parts A and C) I have done B
Having a clear financial plan is
key in achieving your financial goals.
This exercise is designed to help you gain clarity and insight into your
financial priorities and objectives.
Follow the instructions below to complete the assignment.
Instructions:
Answer
all questions in the template to complete the assignment. I did this already
You must
include at least one citation and reference from the textbook.
Remember
to cite all sources using APA 7th
edition format as described
For Part
B, assume that the cost estimates are represented in today’s dollars.
A. Define the personal financial process,
what it encompasses, and why it is important to your financial life. Your
answer should include a minimum of 3 well-written paragraphs.
I have attached the information for this
section Lesson 1 Text Book
C. Identify your chosen career path and explain how you plan to use
it to achieve your financial goals. Your response must include a minimum of two
paragraphs.
My chosen career path is to own a
daycare/preschool making about $5,000-$8,000 a
month. Section B will show you my financial goals….see the attachment
References -
“Enhancing Marketing Strategies: A Comprehensive Analytics and KPI Project for AIU” “Maximizing Marketing Impact: The Use of Analytics and KPIs in Top Consulting Firms”
Project Summary:
As an intern in the Marketing Department at AIU, you will undertake a critical capstone project that focuses on creating a comprehensive set of analytics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for our marketing efforts. This project will encompass all social media channels, our website, and visitor information, providing valuable insights to inform strategic decision-making and enhance our marketing strategies.
Objectives:
Develop Advanced Analytics: Implement cutting-edge analytics techniques to gather and analyze data from various marketing channels.
Use statistical and machine learning methods to derive actionable insights.
Create KPIs: Define and develop KPIs that align with the university’s marketing goals and strategic plan.
Ensure KPIs are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
Provide Business Use Cases: Demonstrate how the analytics and KPIs can be used to inform strategic decisions in both the Marketing and Admissions departments.
Include examples and case studies from leading consulting firms on how they utilize marketing and social media data.
Instructions:
Data Collection and Integration: Collect data from all social media channels (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, etc.), the university website, and visitor information.
Ensure data is clean, accurate, and comprehensive.
Analytics Framework: Develop a robust framework for analyzing the collected data.
Utilize tools such as Google Analytics, social media analytics platforms, and advanced statistical software (e.g., R, Python).
KPI Development: Identify key areas of performance to measure (e.g., engagement, reach, conversion rates).
Create detailed definitions and calculation methods for each KPI.
Ensure KPIs reflect the goals of enhancing brand awareness, increasing student enrollment, and improving engagement with stakeholders.
Strategic Insights: Use the analytics to provide insights into current performance.
Develop predictive models to forecast future trends and outcomes.
Suggest actionable strategies based on the insights derived from the data.
Reporting and Visualization: Design dashboards and reports that effectively communicate the KPIs and insights to stakeholders.
Use data visualization tools (e.g., Tableau, Power BI) to create intuitive and interactive reports.
Examples and Case Studies: Include examples of how top consulting firms utilize similar analytics and KPIs in their marketing strategies.
Provide sample data and calculations to illustrate the application of your proposed KPIs.
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):
Engagement Rate: Definition: The percentage of people who interact with your content out of the total number of people who viewed it.
Significance: Measures how effectively content is resonating with the audience.
Calculation: (Total Engagements / Total Impressions) * 100
Conversion Rate: Definition: The percentage of users who take a desired action after engaging with your marketing content.
Significance: Indicates the effectiveness of your content in driving actions like registrations, sign-ups, or applications.
Calculation: (Conversions / Total Clicks) * 100
Reach: Definition: The total number of unique users who have seen your content.
Significance: Helps assess the potential audience size and the effectiveness of content distribution.
Calculation: Unique Impressions
Website Traffic: Definition: The number of visits to the university website.
Significance: Indicates the overall interest in the university’s online presence and the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.
Calculation: Total Visits
Bounce Rate: Definition: The percentage of visitors who leave the website after viewing only one page.
Significance: Helps identify the quality of website content and user experience.
Calculation: (Single Page Visits / Total Visits) * 100
Average Session Duration: Definition: The average amount of time users spend on the website per visit.
Significance: Indicates the level of engagement and interest in website content.
Calculation: Total Duration of All Sessions / Total Sessions
Click-Through Rate (CTR): Definition: The percentage of people who click on a link or advertisement out of the total number of people who viewed it.
Significance: Measures the effectiveness of calls to action and content attractiveness.
Calculation: (Total Clicks / Total Impressions) * 100
Follower Growth Rate: Definition: The percentage increase in followers on social media channels over a specific period.
Significance: Reflects the growth of the audience and the effectiveness of content in attracting new followers.
Calculation: ((End Period Followers – Start Period Followers) / Start Period Followers) * 100
Social Share of Voice (SOV): Definition: The percentage of conversations about the university compared to the total conversations about competitors.
Significance: Measures the university’s brand presence and competitiveness in the market.
Calculation: (University Mentions / Total Mentions of University and Competitors) * 100
Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT): Definition: The average score of customer satisfaction surveys.
Significance: Reflects the overall satisfaction of stakeholders with marketing efforts and content.
Calculation: (Sum of All Scores / Number of Respondents)
Examples and Case Studies:
Deloitte: Utilizes advanced analytics to drive personalized marketing campaigns. They focus on segmentation, targeting, and real-time data analysis to optimize engagement and conversion rates.
PwC: Implements predictive analytics to forecast market trends and customer behavior, helping clients to make informed strategic decisions.
EY: Leverages social media sentiment analysis to gauge public perception and adjust marketing strategies accordingly.
KPMG: Uses KPI dashboards to monitor and report on the effectiveness of digital marketing campaigns, ensuring alignment with business objectives.
Accenture: Employs machine learning algorithms to analyze customer data, providing insights that enhance marketing efficiency and effectiveness. -
The Value of “Trashy” Fiction: A Critical Analysis of Gottschall’s Argument
Write a response for the following (250 words minimum – one (1) page plus a Work Cited page):
Jonathon Gottschall, in “Why Fiction is Good for You,” ends on a humorous note: “most fiction, even the trashy stuff, appears to be in the public interest after all” (767). This raises a question worth considering: Do “trashy” romance novels, for example, have the same value as literature taught in college? How might the debate of good vs bad art complicate Gottschall’s argument? Use 2 in-text citations that are correctly formatted with parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Use MLA formatting (double-spaced, name block, unique title, page header, indented paragraphs). 250-word minimum (approximately one full page plus a Work Cited page).
Must include an introductory paragraph (with the title of the essay, the author, and a thesis statement), the body (must include in-text citation(s), and the conclusion.
Upload as a Word or PDF document only. Do not write in the submission box.
You need a Work Cited page.
Example of your Work Cited page (you have permission to copy this):
Work Cited
Gottschall, Jonathon. “Why Fiction is Good for You.” The Norton Reader
An Anthology of Nonfiction, edited by Melissa A. Goldthwaite et al.,
15th ed., W. W. Norton, 2020, pp. 763-767. -
Title: “Exploring Education and Religion: A Reflection on Personal and Global Experiences”
https://plus.pearson.com/home?utm_source=ereader
login is:
username: ****************************************** Tutty101.
Chapter 13 Discussion Topic
Please post one initial response (your entry) and one additional comment to other students’ remarks to the following discussion questions:
A. Compare your kindergarten and grade school experience with those reported in the Gracey article. Of the three types of students Gracey identifies, which type were you? Why were you that type?
B. Please identify and compare and contrast seven world religions. What are the similarities of religions? -
“Creating an Effective Brochure for a Non-Profit Organization” Creating an Effective Brochure for a Non-Profit Organization Introduction: Brochures are an important marketing tool for non-profit organizations. They serve as a quick and effective way to communicate
Please read the attached rubric and follow accordingly .
Paper is no longer than three (3) pages, excluding title page, reference page, and copy of brochure. -
“Exploring the Artistry of Ron Nagle: A Pioneer in Contemporary Ceramic Sculpture” Ron Nagle is a renowned ceramic artist whose innovative and intricate works have challenged traditional notions of the medium and propelled it into the realm of contemporary art.
Essay on Ceramic Artist (RON NAGLE)
Write a 300 – 500 word essay on a ceramic. artist of your choice. Your essay must focus on :
– their works and idea(s) and how they have contributed to advancing their field both in craft and in concept. – Your essay must demonstrate research, and you must back up your claims with evidence and citations (4 in text citations and 4 sources). Use MLA format for your in-text citations.
Everything that you research should be cited, and any claim you make should cite evidence or previous research that helps to support your paper.
Avoid using Wikipedia, blogs, or crowd sourced materials in your research. Acceptable sources include peer-reviewed journals, periodicals, books, site visits, documentaries, and online materials.
For information on MLA formatting visit:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/m…
Grading
* writing: 12 pts * in text citations and bibliography 4 pts -
“Addressing Basic Needs in Manchester, NH: Resources for Housing, Food, Healthcare, and More”
.In Manchester, NH, several resources are available to assist individuals and families struggling with housing, medical treatment, food and clothing, electricity, and other living costs. Southern New Hampshire Services (SNHS) is a community action agency offering a variety of programs for low-income residents. Their services include the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) to help with heating costs, rental assistance through programs like the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program, food assistance via food pantries and the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) for seniors, and healthcare access through partnerships with local health centers, along with health insurance enrollment assistance. SNHS also provides emergency financial assistance for basic needs, including clothing. Clients can apply for these services by visiting their office, calling their office, or accessing applications and more information on their website at (https://www.snhs.org).
Another key resource is Families in Transition-New Horizons (FIT-NH), a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing housing and supportive services to homeless individuals and families. FIT-NH operates emergency shelters for immediate housing needs and offers permanent supportive housing solutions combined with supportive services. They provide food assistance through the New Horizons Food Pantry, which distributes groceries to low-income residents, and their soup kitchen, which serves daily meals. Additionally, FIT-NH offers case management to help clients access healthcare, employment, and other essential services. Clients can access FIT-NH services by visiting their Resource Center, calling their office, or visiting their website at (https://www.fitnh.org) for more information and application forms. These organizations offer comprehensive assistance to help residents of Manchester, NH, address their immediate and long-term needs.