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Description
Faye Glenn Abdellah (Arabic: عبد الله, romanized: ʻAbd Allāh – “Servant of God”) was born in 1913 in New York to an Algerian father and a Scottish mother.  She was a pioneer in nursing research and referred to the theory created by her and her colleagues as a framework for nursing practice (Abdellah et al., 1960).
When she was 18 years old, she witnessed an explosion of a hydrogen-filled airship, Hindenburg. After watching scorched people exiting the burning dirigible, she decided to become a nurse to be always able to help others (Lessing, 2004). After getting her nursing diploma, she became a staff nurse and then a head nurse, but she decided to change to education and public health. She received a bachelor’s in science in nursing from Columbia University and secured her first teaching position at Yale University. At this position, she complained to the dean of nursing that the nursing books were outdated and inadequate and she requested to switch to a modern and appropriate text, but her idea was rejected. Then, she gathered all the books and burned them in the courtyard of Yale University. The next day, she was told that her contract would not be renewed and she was responsible for reimbursement of the incinerated books (Lessing, 2004). This rebellion started her career as an educator and researcher – she received a Master of Art in psychology in 1947 and a Doctor of Education in 1955. However, her research was limited because of the perception of the role of nurses in science, which could be explained by the response she received from a nursing journal after a research report submission:
“Nurses do not research; they are not interested in research and that furthermore research has no place in nursing.” (Abdellah, 1969, p.390).
She tried to change the perception and move nursing from a service occupation to a research-based profession. In the first step, she conducted a survey among 40 nursing schools to identify all problems or barriers that needed to be changed to advance nursing to a profession (Johnson and Webber, 2005). In the second step, she used the survey and Handerson’s 14 basic human needs to develop her theory – 21 Nursing Problems. This grand theory uses a typological order of 21 nursing problems that address four patients’ needs: basic, sustenal (supportive), remedial, and restorative. The problems are as follows:
To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort.
To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep
To promote safety by preventing accidents, injuries, or other trauma and preventing the spread of infection.
To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct the deformity.
To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells.
To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells.
To facilitate the maintenance of elimination.
To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.
To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory.
To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions.
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.
To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions.
To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication.
To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships.
To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals.
To create or maintain a therapeutic environment.
To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs.
To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional.
To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise from an illness.
To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness.
She also developed a problem-solving method that identified 10 steps to recognize a patient’s problem and 10 nursing skills useful in developing treatment typology. These steps were also useful in distinguishing between nursing diagnosis and nursing function; she defined nursing diagnosis as “a determination of the nature and extent of the nursing problem presented by individual patients or family receiving nursing care” (Abdellah & Levine, 1965, p. 28) while nursing functions were the activities that contributed to the solution of the problem (Abdellah & Levine, 1965).  
Analysis
In 1973, Abdellah identified six assumptions in her work that are related to the change or anticipated change that affects nursing: the need to appreciate the interconnectedness of social enterprises and social problems; the impact of problems such as poverty, racism, pollution, education, and so far on health care and health care delivery; changing nursing education; continuing education for professional nurses; and development of nursing leaders from underserved groups (Abdellah t al., 1973).
The language in Abdellah’s theory is clear and easily understood. The theory uses the problem-solving method that enables nurses to assist the patient in achieving a healthier state. However, the use of her pronounces reflects a bias – she uses she/her when referring to nurses and he/him when referring to doctors (Abdellah et al., 1960).
Evaluation
The 21 Nursing Problems theory was developed over sixty years ago, but many healthcare settings still use the model to address patient’s needs (McEwen & Wills, 2023). In the beginning, the model contributed to nursing science by increasing nurses’ education levels. It helped bring typology to nursing and research that replaced a disorganized collection of lectures and experiences (McEwen & Wills, 2023). The theory also clarified the nursing discipline and differentiated it from other professions. She moved the nursing attention from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach. However, she anticipated that the nursing scope of practice would increase with the introduction of nurse practitioners, and it would need to be further developed:
“These responsibilities overlap with those of the physician. In addition, the role of the professional nurse is also expanding to include broader functions in the realm of nursing practice based on biological, sociological, and psychological aspects of nursing.” (Abdellah, 1976, p. 245).
Development.
Abdellah’s model is a conceptual model that is not directly testable because there are no, or at least very few, direct relationships. However, Abdellah and Levine (1965) mentioned a tool that measures patient’s satisfaction, so indirectly, it is possible to assess if her theory is working and we can use the QUALPAC (Quality Patient Care Scale) assessment tool developed in 1974, after the 21 Nursing Problems.
Her theory is useful in all nursing settings, from novices to advanced practitioners. However, Abdellah understood that change is very important and that nursing research will guide the nursing profession, so most likely, she anticipated that her theory would be adjusted as needed and one day replaced with another, more current theory. More importantly, her theory is the direction she pushed nursing toward – practice within a context of evidence and scientific premise. 
References:
Abdellah, F. G. (1969). The nature of nursing science. Nursing Research, 18(5), 390–393.
Abdellah, F. G. (1976). Nurse Practitioners and Nursing Practice. American Journal of Public Health, 66(3), 245. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.66.3.245
Abdellah, F. G. & Levine, E. (1965). Better patient car through nursing research. McMillan Publishing. New York.
Abdellah, F. G., Beland, I. L., Martin, A., & Matheney, R. V. (1960). Patient-centered approaches to nursing. MacMillan.
Abdellah, F. G., Beland, I. L., Martin, A., & Matheney, R. V. (1973). New directions in patient-centered nursing. MacMillan.
Johnson, B. M., & Webber, P. B. (2005). An introduction to theory and reasoning in nursing. Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
Lessing, M. (2004). Interview with Rear Admiral Faye Glenn Abdellah. Military Medicine, 169(11), 843.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. (2023). Theoretical basis for nursing (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.

Module 6 Discussion
Hip Fracture
After studying Module 6: Lecture Materials & Resources, discuss the following:
The patient is a 71-year-old widowed man who is seen regularly in the clinic for health maintenance and follow-up of his chronic insomnia and anxiety. He has regular prescriptions for triazolam (Halcion) and clonazepam (Klonopin) for these problems. Recently he has been reporting frequent episodes of losing his balance and falling, and eight weeks ago was hospitalized for a hip fracture sustained during one of these falls resulting in hip surgery. On this visit, he also complains of becoming increasingly confused.
What information would be most critical for you to collect in the first visit?
What is the primary goal for the treatment of this patient?
Identify potential obstacles for change. Which educational approach would the PMHNP provide to overcome these obstacles?
How would you teach the patient about the Beers list and Halcion? Discuss a medication in detail that could be safely substituted to treat insomnia in geriatric patients.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style.
Provide support for your work from at least 2 academic sources less than 5 years old. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.) All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
Attention: Please post your initial response by 11:59 PM ET Thursday, and comment on the posts of two classmates by 11:59 PM ET Friday.
You can expect feedback from the instructor within 48 to 72 hours from the Friday due date

Activity 9
Community Level Interventions
The windshield survey summary will require you to apply what you have learned through your basic windshield survey of Sentinel City® to a target population of your choosing. You will complete your project by comparing data from Sentinel City® with similar data from the city where your target population lives.
Your presentation will include 9 parts, which are described in detail below and include details in the speaker notes.  Download the PowerPoint Template for use with your Final Project.  You must use this template for your final project. 
I. Introduction
Choose a target population group in your community. Provide a brief introduction that identifies the demographics for the city where your target population lives.
II. Description of Your Target Population
Compose a detailed description of your chosen target population. In this section, you will describe the demographic characteristics of your chosen target population, including the population’s socioeconomic status, vital statistics, education level, religion, and occupations. Include a table, graph, and/or figure display that includes relevant demographic data for your target population. 
III. Comparison of Sentinel City Demographic Data
Compare the demographic data of Sentinel City® with the demographic data from the city where your target population is located. You should present this information in a clear to understand table. You can use the Data Comparison Table provided here.  It is also available in the Sentinel City simulation.
IV. Key Health Concerns or Issues
Present a list of the top 3 health concerns for your target population. Provide a brief description of these concerns and include data from your target population city that supports the rationale for selecting these health concerns. Select one of the 3 health concerns you identified and state why you decided to develop an intervention that addresses this particular health concern. Include the Healthy People 2030 objective that relates to your identified health concern. 
V. Community Health Nursing Diagnosis
Develop a community health nursing diagnosis based on your analysis of the demographic and health status data that you gathered for your target population.
Your community health nursing diagnosis should be written using the following format:
Increased risk of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or population) related to (disability, disease, etc.) as demonstrated in or by (health status indicator, or etiological/causal statement).
Examples:
Increased risk of obesity among school age children related to lack of safe outdoor play areas for children as demonstrated by above average BMI rates. 
Increased risk of depression among persons with a physical disability related to the lack of handicap accessible facilities and social isolation as demonstrated by high suicide rate
VI. A & B. Intervention to Address the Diagnosis
Describe your proposed intervention that will address the community health nursing diagnosis for your target population. You may choose to develop your own intervention or modify one that was recommended by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (TFCPS).
To view recommended interventions, visit the TFCPS website at About the Community Preventive Services Task Force and select the topic you plan on addressing for your intervention. (Note: at the bottom of most topic pages on the TFCPS website there is a sample on how to cite the webpage. After reviewing the topics, click the “Resources” tab then click “Fact Sheets”. Here you may find fact sheets to share with your mentor at your practice learning site.)
Whether you modify an existing intervention or develop one of your own, you must discuss why this intervention will work for your target population or why you needed to modify it to make it work for your target population. Include advantages, population fit, and barriers in use of the intervention. You should include the long-term goal, two short-term measurable objectives, and the required resources such as: time, equipment, finances, etc. related to this intervention [Note: you are not required to carry out your intervention]
VII. Evaluation Plan
Describe your method for evaluating the objectives of your intervention (for example, pre/post-test, survey, questionnaire, phone interview).  Include one long term goal and two short-term measurable objectives.
Example of goals and measurable objectives:
Goal – To increase my potential for promotion at my place of employment
Objective – Complete all undergraduate nursing courses with a B+ or higher
Objective – Complete the American Sentinel University BSN program before 2020
Goal – To learn about public health nursing
Objective – Describe community health levels of prevention
Objective – List the 8 subsystems of a community
VIII. Summary of Sentinel City®
Summarize the assets (strengths) in Sentinel City® pertaining to each of the 8 community subsystems. The eight subsystems include: 1) physical environment, 2) safety and transportation, 3) health and social services, 4) education, 5) recreation, 6) politics and government, 7) communication, and 8) economics.
Include your recommendations for improving/strengthening specific subsystems in Sentinel City®.  Discuss other recommended changes or additions needed to improve the health of  people living in Sentinel City®.
IX. Reference List
Include a minimum of 6 references that were used as you developed your plan. The reference list should include relevant websites from state or federal sources and from peer reviewed professional journals. Journal articles do not have to be limited to nursing journals. No more than 50% of references should be from websites.
For the purpose of this assessment cite the Sentinel City® demographic data as follows:
Sentinel U. (2021). Sentinel City® Community Health Simulation Demographics. http://sentinelworld.healthcarelearninginnovations.com/
Reading and Resources
DeMarco & Healey-Walsh (2020) Read Chapters 9 & 10
Visit the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (TFCPS). The Community Guide.
Additional Instructions
Listen to the Final Project Instructions:
Play Video
All submissions should have a title page and reference page.
Utilize a minimum of two scholarly resources.
Adhere to grammar, spelling and punctuation criteria.
Adhere to APA compliance guidelines.
Adhere to the chosen Submission Option for Delivery of Activity guidelines.
Submission Options for Delivery of Activity
*Choose one option
Instructions
Microsoft Power Point Presentation
14 to 20 slides. Add title and reference slides. Must include Speaker Notes
MUST use the rule of 7