“Exploring Solutions to Current Issues in Law Enforcement: Proposals for Overweight Officers and Juvenile Probation Officers” Developing and Administering Likert-Scale Questionnaires for Measuring Crisis Leadership

*No title page or conclusion is needed. Not in essay form, discussion only.*
In this discussion, you will first identify which option you fall into. 
You can begin your discussion with one simple sentence: I fall into option 1 and here are my 2 (or 3) proposals or I fall into option 2 and here are my 2 (or 3) proposals. 
Below is an example for each option to help you get started after the first simple sentence:
Sample: Option 1: A significant problem in my police department is the number of overweight officers. I want to explore how my department and others can develop incentives for officers to stay healthy. A second problem in my department that I am also considering is identifying and helping officers who are clearly exhibiting signs of PTSD. I am anxious to see what my classmates think about these topics.
**You can use the first example (overweight officers) or make up another problem for a california based officer. I think a good problem is police retention/recruiting/low staff issue due to the current harsh climate in law enforcement with addition to people quitting and retiring early **
Sample: Option 2: I want to apply to be a juvenile probation officer. One idea I have is to analyze why some juveniles end up in the juvenile justice system, whereas others do not. What are the factors that contribute to delinquent behaviors and which juveniles are most vulnerable? A second idea is to explore the traits that the most successful juvenile probation officers exhibit and use these traits in the hiring process. 
I look forward to your feedback. 
Primary Response Post Length should be 200 – 250 words: Each Primary response must include at least 1 reference at the bottom of the post which can include the textbook. 
Your response should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards where appropriate. Additional resources are not required but be sure to cite any you use.  
References: 
Cities Consider Taking Police Out of Traffic Stops
Crowe, C. (2021, June 3). Cities consider taking police out of traffic stops. Smartcitiesdive. 
This article covers a recent phenomenon in the realm of de-policing and that is taking police out of traffic stops. The City of Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, passed a package of reforms, one of which calls for unarmed civilians replacing sworn police officers for certain traffic violations.
The Rhetoric of De-policing: Evaluating Open-Ended Survey Responses from Police Officers with Machine Learning-Based Structural Topic Modeling
Mourtzos, S. M., & Adams, I. A. (2019). The rhetoric of de-policing: Evaluating open-ended survey responses from police officers with machine learning-based structural topic modeling. Journal of Criminal Justice, 64, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101627 
This article used structural topic modeling (STM) which is a method of interpreting open-ended survey questions to gather data on police officer attitudes vis-à-vis the communities they serve and the phenomenon of de-policing.
De-policing
Rushin, S., & Edwards, G. (2017). De-policing. Cornell Law Review, 102(3), 721-724. 
This article looks at the possibility of continuing laws that regulate policing as one cause of de-policing. The researchers used regression analyses of an existing data set of police departments that were under Federal monitoring per USC §14141.
De-policing and What to do About it
VerBruggen, R. (2021, October 28). De-policing and what to do about it. 
This article examines the “Ferguson Effect” on de-policing.
Sampling in Social Sciences
Using Likert-type Scales in the Social Sciences
Croasman, J. J., & Ostrum, L. (2011, November 1). Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences. Journal of Adult Education, 40(1), 19-22. 
This article covers in detail how to properly prepare Likert-type questionnaires.
Developing Likert-scale Questionnaires
Nemoto, T., & Beglar, D. (2014). Developing Likert-scale questionnaires.
This article also explains how to develop and administer a Likert-type questionnaire.
Crisis Leadership
Riordan Criticizes Leadership of LAPD, Hints at Drastic Steps; Police: The Mayor, Speaking at Ramparts Division, Cites Higher Crime and Fewer Arrests. But, He Offers few Specifics
Kukorian, G. (2001, February 3). Riordan criticizes leadership of LAPD, hints at drastic steps; Police: The mayor, speaking at ramparts division, cites higher crime and fewer arrests. But, he offers few specifics. Los Angeles Times, B1. 
This article defines how a crisis can be caused by leaders who have strong personalities that may result in untoward results.
The Psychology Behind Effective Crisis Leadership
Petriglieri, G. (2020, April 22). The psychology behind effective crisis leadership. Harvard Business Review. 
The author explains how vision alone will not be enough in crisis leadership situations. He continues by explaining the concept of “holding.”
Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?
Boin, A., & ‘t Hart, P. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: Mission impossible? Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544-553. 
The authors explore the persistent tensions between the expectations and realities of crisis leadership.
Crisis Leadership: A Review and Future Research Agenda
Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwartz, G. (2021, December). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 722-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518
The authors use what they refer to as bibliometric techniques to arrive at theories of crisis leadership.